核动力船舶主控室气载放射性浓度场分析

利用流体力学计算软件Airpak对核动力船舶主控室通风系统进行数值模拟,提出通风结构的改进措施。选取主控室内典型的截面,分析放射性气体在截面处的分布情况,通过调节进出风口的位置,合理将气载放射性物质约束在无人员岗位区域;并通过模拟计算说明可通过改进通风方案来改善工作人员的工作环境,减少工作人员的辐射剂量。     

Winter–spring dynamics in sea-ice carbon cycling in the coastal Arctic Ocean

An understanding of microbial interactions in first-year sea ice on Arctic shelves is essential for identifying potential responses of the Arctic Ocean carbon cycle to changing sea-ice conditions. This study assessed dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC), exopolymeric substances (EPS), chlorophyll a, bacteria and protists, in a seasonal (24 February to 20 June 2004) investigation of first-year sea ice and associated surface waters on the Mackenzie Shelf. The dynamics of and relationships between different sea-ice carbon pools were investigated for the periods prior to, during and following the sea-ice-algal bloom, under high and low snow cover. A predominantly heterotrophic sea-ice community was observed prior to the ice-algal bloom under high snow cover only. However, the heterotrophic community persisted throughout the study with bacteria accounting for, on average, 44% of the non-diatom particulate carbon biomass overall the study period. There was an extensive accumulation of sea-ice organic carbon following the onset of the ice-algal bloom, with diatoms driving seasonal and spatial trends in particulate sea-ice biomass. DOC and EPS were also significant sea-ice carbon contributors such that sea-ice DOC concentrations were higher than, or equivalent to, sea-ice-algal carbon concentrations prior to and following the algal bloom, respectively. Sea-ice-algal carbon, DOC and EPS-carbon concentrations were significantly interrelated under high and low snow cover during the algal bloom (r values ≥ 0.74, p < 0.01). These relationships suggest that algae are primarily responsible for the large pools of DOC and EPS-carbon and that similar stressors and/or processes could be involved in regulating their release. This study demonstrates that DOC can play a major role in organic carbon cycling on Arctic shelves.     

On the relation between organic and inorganic carbon in the Weddell Sea

Carbon cycling in the Weddell Sea was investigated during the ANT X/7 cruise with `FS Polarstern' December 1992–January 1993. Samples were taken on a cross section from Kapp Norvegia to Joinville Island, and on a section from the Larsen Ice Shelf to the northeast. The following quantities were measured: total carbon dioxide (TCO₂), fluorescence from humic substances and total organic carbon. The distribution of TCO₂ was strongly positively correlated to the time elapsed since the various water masses were last ventilated. In general, humic substance fluorescence was positively correlated with TCO₂, with the exception of the productive part of the western Weddell Sea, where the correlation was negative in the surface mixed layer. The increased fluorescence at the surface is suggested to be a result of biological production. The distribution of total organic carbon showed less structure, since this quantity includes a particulate component, which is subject to dispersion processes different from those of the dissolved components TCO₂ and humic substances. The mean total organic carbon concentration below the surface mixed layer was 50 μmol l⁻¹. At some stations, a steep TOC maximum around 2000 m depth was observed. This was interpreted to result from mass sinking of phytoplankton blooms. Total organic carbon had a maximum in surface water, and at some stations also a second subsurface maximum. In the Warm Deep Water (WDW), TCO₂ and fluorescence had their maximum values, while total organic carbon tended to be low. In low productivity surface water in the eastern part of the Kapp Norvegia–Joinville Island section, the lowest flourescence was found. Surface water is eventually formed from Warm Deep Water, which had the highest fluorescence values, and therefore it is concluded that humic substances were removed in situ from surface water. In the central area of the Weddell Sea, TCO₂ and fluorescence showed the highest Warm Deep Water maxima, while total organic carbon was low. The Warm Deep Water in this area is part of the so-called Central Intermediate Water which circulates for a long time within the Weddell Gyre. Reduced total organic carbon, which coincides with the most pronounced Central Intermediate Water characteristics, and high TCO₂ can thus both be accounted for by continued degradation of organic matter in this water mass. The associated fluorescence maximum implies that humic substances are also produced during mineralisation. Recently formed bottom water, by contrast, could be seen as patches of low TCO₂, low fluorescence and high total organic carbon along the western slope of the Weddell Sea.     

化学泄漏与控制技术的研究

调研并分析了国内外有毒化学物质泄漏事故的状况，提出了泄漏危险源的定义、评价危险度的定量方法、预防泄漏的技术与管理措施；设计了监控预警系统网络等；并讨论了应急救援预案和主要的应急救源措施。同时，还研制了相关应用软件。     

欧洲轨道车辆产品禁限用物质管控研究

欧洲铁路行业协会管控是欧洲轨道车辆产品环保符合性的行业要求,以欧洲铁路行业物质清单为依据,从禁限用物质的法律法规要求和识别、管控指标分级及要求制定、过程风险识别及供应链管理等4个方面对欧洲轨道车辆产品禁限用物质管控措施进行探讨。依据对禁用物质和申报评估物质的要求,逐步推行禁限用物质风险识别,进行分级分类管理;产品检测采用抽检和制造商自我申明相结合的方式;推行绿色供应链,从源头规避禁限用物质的使用。为我国轨道车辆企业进入欧洲市场探索出一种切实可行的管理控制方法,是一种缩小与欧盟国家环保技术水平差距的有效方式。     

新版《国际危规》中易燃液体和有毒物质判定标准调整及其影响

33-06版《MDG CODE》修正案已于2008年1月1日生效，文中对修正的部分作了说明，并对可能发生的影响作了分析。     

建立有毒有害物质污染损害赔偿机制 做好履约准备

随着国际贸易运输中化工产品特别是有毒有害物质的日益增多，污染问题已为世界各国所关注，《国际海上运输有毒有害物质损害责任及赔偿公约》随之出台。文中旨在通过分析我国有毒有害物质污染损害赔偿方面一些亟待解决的问题，探讨建立机制的方法和对策，以期做好加入并履行公约的；住备     

我国加入《2000年有毒有害物质污染事故防备、反应与合作议定书》的利弊分析

文章针对《2000年有毒有害物质污染事故防备、反应与合作议定书》的生效情况、适用范围与基本要求,结合我国现状,分析了我国加入该议定书的必要性、可行性以及面临的挑战,提出了我国应采取的应对措施与加入议定书的立场建议。