Estimation of road transport related air pollution in Saint Petersburg using European and Russian calculation models

The paper analyzes Russian and European emission and dispersion models aimed at the estimation of road transport related air pollution on street and regional scale as exemplified with St. Petersburg, Russia. It demonstrates the results of model calculations of peak concentrations of main harmful substances (NО_X, CO and PM₁₀) along the St. Petersburg Ring Road at high traffic volume and adverse meteorological conditions (calm, temperature inversion) executed by means of a Russian street pollution model, and it evaluates the computed results against the measurements from monitoring stations. The paper also examines the ways of adaptation of the COPERT IV model – a software tool for calculation of air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from road transport on regional or country scale – to the inventory conditions of the Russian Federation, compares the COPERT IV numerical estimates with the national inventory data. It also reveals the obstacles and possibilities in the harmonization of the Russian and European approaches.     

Do reforms reduce the magnitudes of cost overruns in road projects? Statistical evidence from Norway

Although governments often respond to the prevalent cost overruns of transportation projects by reforming the agencies charged with overseeing the construction of projects, the transportation research literature has not provided statistical evidence as to whether such reforms assist in reducing cost overruns. This paper provides such evidence using the Norwegian road sector as a case study. The agency in question was reformed twice, from a monopolistic to a semi-monopolistic organization, and finally, to a fully competitive organization in which road construction was divided out into a separate company and privatized. In this work, we use statistical inferences to explore the related issues. The data set is composed of 1045 projects evenly distributed across the three organizational forms. The results demonstrate that the impact of the reforms has not been equal. The most important impact occurred in the final reform of full competition in which both the cost overruns and delays in construction among larger projects were greatly reduced. The second reform appears to have had a contrasting impact. For transportation research in general, we call for additional studies that will reveal the extent to which efforts carried out by governments (such as reforms) improve the efficiency of these sectors.     

Assessing greenhouse gas and related air pollutant emissions from road traffic counts: A case study for Mauritius

The road transport sector is one of the major contributors of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants emissions. Regional emissions levels from road vehicles were investigated, in Mauritius, by applying a fuel-based approach. We estimated fuel consumption and air emissions based on traffic counts on the various types of classified roads at three different regional set ups, namely urban, semi urban and rural. The Relative Development Index (RDI), a composite index calculated from socio-economic and environmental indicators was used to classify regions. Our results show that the urban motorways were the most polluting due to heavy traffic. Some rural areas had important pollution levels as well. Our analysis of variance (ANOVA), however, showed little difference in emissions among road types and regions. The study can provide a simple tool for researchers in countries where data are very scarce, as is the case for many developing countries.     

单纯疏浚技术在长江上游卵石浅滩整治中的应用

过渡段浅滩具有顺直放宽的特点,因而汛期淤积,汛后虽有冲刷,但仍达不到水深要求,故需采取整治措施。浅碛子是长江上游枯水期典型的过渡段卵石浅滩之一,该滩整治时没有布置整治建筑物,而仅采用单纯疏浚的技术进行治理,通过对其整治效果进行分析,证明对该滩的治理是成功的、合理的。同时通过对水师坝、黑石碛浅滩整治效果的分析,认为对于长江上游山区河流中,某些碍航程度较轻的一般过渡段卵石浅滩也可通过单纯疏浚技术进行治理。     

长江河口盐水入侵数值模拟研究

长江河口盐水入侵一直是困扰上海市工农业生产及生活用水的一个重大问题。文章通过建立"长江口—杭州湾"大范围的二维水流盐度数学模型,在验证的基础上,重点分析了长江口盐水入侵总体格局、北支盐水倒灌、南支盐度分布格局等问题,并指出由于横沙通道的涨落潮流不平衡,北槽会有部分盐水倒灌进入北港;基于数学模型,对北支倒灌盐通量进行了初步计算。     

芜申运河三汊河段航道整治数学模型研究

在对芜申运河三汊河段航道区域水文资料测量与分析的基础上,利用Delft 3D软件建立了三汊河段航道水动力数学模型,针对不同水流条件,对三汊河段航道区域流场进行了计算,分析了整治工程前后流场变化。计算结果表明:青弋江来流量大且垂直于设计航道,对航道通航船舶存在直接威胁;通过数值模型计算和物理模型试验解决了工程方案的比选和优化问题,为航道设计提供更加准确依据。     

长江南京以下12.5 m深水航道一期工程白茆沙水道工程局部冲刷试验研究——Ⅰ：模型设计

长江南京以下12.5 m深水航道一期工程白茆沙水道工程局部冲刷研究工作表明:1)采用局部正态模型研究潮汐河口工程局部冲刷问题是可行的;2)试验水力条件的选择、模型边界的确定以及模型的整体变坡等是将局部正态模型应用于潮汐河口工程局部冲刷问题研究需解决的关键技术问题;3)白茆沙水道工程局部正态模型较好地复演了目标试验水力条件,具备开展进一步试验的条件;4)提出了简便易行且效果良好的模型边界确定方法。     

长江万州至长寿河段泥沙淤积特性研究

三峡水库蓄水后,库区河段泥沙淤积较蓄水前发生了较大变化。对三峡库区实测资料及多年库区冲淤变化分析表明:三峡库区的淤积形态与河型有关——弯曲河段和分汊河段淤积较为严重,顺直河段淤积相对较少。对长江万州至长寿河段典型河型进行冲淤分析,为进一步研究提供参考。     

北美岩沥青干湿法改性机理比较分析

文章采用显微镜手段和DSO微观表征手段分别对干法和湿法工艺的北美岩沥青改性机理进行了研究,并对这两种不同工艺生产的沥青混合料性能进行了比较分析。研究结果表明：干法改性的沥青混合料有更好的路用性能。     

防城花岗岩集料及沥青混合料性能的试验评价

为论证防城花岗岩集料在高速公路沥青路面中应用的可行性,文章对花岗岩集料密度、针片状含量、粘附性、压碎值及级配等特性进行了试验分析,并对花岗岩集料沥青混合料AC-25的路用性能进行了检验。结果表明:防城花岗岩集料的吸水率比石灰岩集料的略大0.1%～0.3%、针片状含量偏大,花岗岩集料的粘附性为三级,(0～5)mm石屑的级配偏粗,其高温压碎值满足技术要求;花岗岩沥青混合料AC-25的油石比与石灰岩集料相比约增大0.3%;未掺配抗剥落剂或水泥的花岗岩沥青混合料AC-25的水稳定性能不满足现行规范的技术要求。