钢轨闪光焊接亮灰斑的成因及消除

钢轨闪光焊接产生亮灰斑,特别是灰斑露头和灰斑超标,对焊头质量产生极大危害,是导致焊头断裂的主要因素之一。通过探讨灰斑物质来源,明确闪光焊接过程中灰斑的形成过程,采取措施有效解决实际生产中的灰斑问题,总结归纳有效消除亮灰斑的思路和方法。     

商用车前照灯近光照明效果改进

介绍了商用车前照灯近光配光的具体要求和含义,同时以GB 4599-2007为基础,对比国内某商用车前照灯与某进口商用车前照灯近光配光数据,并提出改进方案,提高前照灯近光的照明效果。     

Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems – an international review

Cities worldwide are implementing modern transit systems to improve mobility in the increasingly congested metropolitan areas. Despite much research on the effects of such systems, a comparison of effects across transit modes and countries has not been studied comprehensively. This paper fills this gap in the literature by reviewing and comparing the effects obtained by 86 transit systems around the world, including Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Light Rail Transit (LRT), metro and heavy rail transit systems. The analysis is twofold by analysing (i) the direct operational effects related to travel time, ridership and modal shifts, and (ii) the indirect strategic effects in terms of effects on property values and urban development. The review confirms the existing literature suggesting that BRT can attract many passengers if travel time reductions are significantly high. This leads to attractive areas surrounding the transit line with increasing property values. Such effects are traditionally associated with attractive rail-based public transport systems. However, a statistical comparison of 41 systems did not show significant deviations between effects on property values resulting from BRT, LRT and metro systems, respectively. Hence, this paper indicates that large strategic effects can be obtained by implementing BRT systems at a much lower cost.     

Understanding the impact of e-commerce on last-mile light goods vehicle activity in urban areas: The case of London

Growth in e-commerce has led to increasing use of light goods vehicles for parcel deliveries in urban areas. This paper provides an insight into the reasons behind this growth and the resulting effort required to meet the exacting delivery services offered by e-retailers which often lead to poor vehicle utilisation in the last-mile operation, as well as the duplication of delivery services in urban centres as competitors vie for business. A case study investigating current parcel delivery operations in central London identified the scale of the challenge facing the last-mile parcel delivery driver, highlighting the importance of walking which can account for 62% of the total vehicle round time and 40% of the total round distance in the operations studied. The characteristics of these operations are in direct conflict with the urban infrastructure which is being increasingly redesigned in favour of walking, cycling and public transport, reducing the kerbside accessibility for last-mile operations. The paper highlights other pressures on last-mile operators associated with managing seasonal peaks in demand; reduced lead times between customers placing orders and deliveries being made; meeting delivery time windows; first-time delivery failure rates and the need to manage high levels of product returns. It concludes by describing a range of initiatives that retailers and parcel carriers, sometimes in conjunction with city authorities, can implement to reduce the costs associated with last-mile delivery, without negatively impacting on customer service levels.     

Characterising Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory trajectories for platoon-based optimisation

Conceptually, a Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) system suggests speeds to vehicles, allowing them to pass through an intersection during the green interval. In previous papers, a single speed is computed for each vehicle in a range between acceptable minimum and maximum values (for example between standstill and the speed limit). This speed is assumed to be constant until the beginning of the green interval, and sent as advice to the vehicle. The goal is to optimise for a particular objective, whether it be minimisation of emissions (for environmental reasons), fuel usage or delay. This paper generalises the advice given to a vehicle, by optimising for delay over the entire trajectory instead of suggesting an individual speed, regardless of initial conditions – time until green, distance to intersection and initial speed. This may require multiple acceleration manoeuvres, so the advice is sent as a suggested acceleration at each time step. Such advice also takes into account a suitable safety constraint, ensuring that vehicles are always able to stop before the intersection during a red interval, thus safeguarding against last-minute signal control schedule changes. While the algorithms developed primarily minimise delay, they also help to reduce fuel usage and emissions by conserving kinetic energy. Since vehicles travel in platoons, the effectiveness of a GLOSA system is heavily reliant on correctly identifying the leading vehicle that is the first to be given trajectory advice for each cycle. Vehicles naturally form a platoon behind this leading vehicle. A time loop technique is proposed which allows accurate identification of the leader even when there are complex interactions between preceding vehicles. The developed algorithms are ideal for connected autonomous vehicle environments, because computer control allows vehicles’ trajectories to be managed with greater accuracy and ease. However, the advice algorithms can also be used in conjunction with manual control provided Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication is available.     

列车空气制动系统仿真的有效性

根据气体流动理论建立货运列车空气制动系统模型,概述管路内气体流动方程、制动系统中用到的各种边界方程和容器内气体压力的计算方法。利用基于气体流动理论开发的列车制动仿真系统,计算长、短编组列车的常用制动、缓解和紧急制动特性,并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明,计算得到的列车管、制动缸、副风缸、加缓风缸等的空气压力随时间的变化与试验结果非常接近,说明基于气体流动理论的空气制动仿真系统能够很好地模拟制动系统中气体流动和阀内动作过程。该仿真系统可以模拟最多4台机车组成的组合列车,不仅能仿真制动系统动态压力变化过程,而且其计算结果可以用于制动距离的计算,并通过数据传送实现列车纵向动力学分析程序的无缝连接。     

制动对装载机静态稳定性的影响

本文在装载机静态稳定性研究的基础上,探讨制动对装载机静态稳定性的影响,通过分析装载机的失稳过程及摩擦在失稳过程中所起的作用,最后得出结论:制动使静态横向一级失稳坡度角增加,并随装载机相对斜坡的方位而变化,对横向二级稳定性及纵向稳定性没有影响.     

SL6400A轻型客车驻车制动传动机构的改进

SL6400A轻型客车驻车制动器采用后桥车轮鼓式制动器，该车原驻车制动机构存在传动环节多、支座刚性差及拉索走向不合理等因素，致使左、右后轮制动力不平衡或不足，通过分析与对比，自行设计了一种新型驻车制动传动机构，该结构可通过平衡器的转动保证左、右后轮制动力不平衡或不足，通过分析与对比，自行设计了一种新型驻车制动传动机构，该结构可通过平衡器的转动保证左、右后拉索拉力相等。试验证明，驻车制动效果良好。     

利用子结构动态特性优化设计抑制制动器尖叫

针对制动器噪声分析研究所提出的对子结构修改以抑制噪声发生的目标 ,探讨了优化设计的修改方法。在对有制动尖叫倾向的制动器进行建模分析并确定其关键子结构动态特性修改方向的基础上 ,在部件子结构中引入设计参数 ,用最优化的方法按照设定的目标函数对结构动态特性进行修改。最后通过模型验证 ,表明部件子结构动态特性修改后制动器系统在原来尖叫频率的不稳定模态不再出现