Impact of regulation on the performances of long-distance transport services: A comparison of the different approaches in Sweden and Norway

Despite the many socio-economic similarities between Sweden and Norway, differences in jurisdiction, organisation, cooperation, and financing of long-distance passenger train and coach services have led to the development of four distinctively different ways of serving the markets. This paper describes how the train and coach markets have developed in the two countries, with emphasis on regulatory and industrial structure and a couple of performance variables.Looking at passenger rail, both countries separated infrastructure from operation over a decade ago. However, while Norwegian rail is characterised by an almost monopoly supplier, rail services in Sweden are partly decentralised to the responsibility of county authorities and are widely subjected to competitive tendering. The rest of the network is about to be opened up for on-the-track competition. Swedish Rail (SJ) has spent the last decades consolidating its core business (passenger rail) and sold out its other businesses. In contrast, the Norwegian state rail (NSB) has expanded its business to become a major bus operator and property owner, with extensions also into the Swedish market.The coach industry was more recently deregulated in both countries. The Swedish coach market is dominated by privately owned companies operating services to and from Stockholm. In Norway, state-owned NSB is a major coach operator on medium distance routes, and is also the largest partner of Nor-Way Bussekspress which totally dominates long-distance coach services. Further, the Norwegian coach market is characterised by cross-ownership and cooperation which has enabled an extensive route network which covers most of Norway.We find distinct differences in achievements in the two modes and in the two countries. Swedish rail services have succeeded in winning market shares and in renewing and developing both infrastructure and service levels to a greater extent than the Norwegian model. On the other hand, the Norwegian coach market seems to be more developed and efficient compared to its Swedish counterpart.The paper concludes with a discussion on the possible links between the different approaches and the performance observed, with the aim to stimulate further and more detailed research on some important issues.     

舰船交流电力系统对地电容测量方法及其应用

针对舰船三相交流电力系统,提出了采用附加电容的对地电容测量方法,并设计出测量系统,进行了试验验证。证明该测量方法可以安全、准确地测量电网的对地电容,为电网消弧线圈设计选型提供了依据。     

CAN总线在混合动力电动公共汽车中的应用

介绍了CAN总线及其通讯协议,结合混合动力电动汽车的特性阐述了CAN总线系统总体设计的思路。以混合动力内燃发电系统控制器为例,简要介绍CAN总线通信的软、硬件实现方法。该设计已应用在混合动力柴油发电机组控制器中,满足了控制需要。     

Structural equation modeling of user satisfaction of bus transit service quality based on stated preferences and latent variables

Few studies have been conducted on the service quality (SQ) of bus transit in developing countries. This paper presents a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to identifying the relationships among major attributes that affect the SQ of bus transit in the city of Dhaka in Bangladesh. Specifically, 22 bus transit SQ attributes, drawn from 655 questionnaires, are used to develop different SEM models for the city. Along with stated preferences, the effect of three latent variables on SQ is analyzed. Among the developed models, the best model is selected by using different statistical approaches. With the best model, selected attributes are rated according to their relative importance on SQ. Acknowledging limited resources of a developing nation, this study gives a clear way ahead to planners, operating companies and transport managers to design appropriate transport policies which will ensure more effective services to current bus users as well as attracting new passengers.     

一种模块化直流变压器调制策略研究

隔离型模块化多电平直流变换器（IMMDC）是船用中压直流电力系统的关键部件,论文分析了IMMDC方波调制下桥臂压降与直流母线电压、交流侧方波电压幅值之间的关系。在此基础上,推导了IMMDC的平均等效模型,实现了电路直流回路与交流回路的解耦,针对IMMDC直流回路电流振荡问题,在方波调制的基础上提出了一种改进调制策略,在IMMDC系统中增加一个新的可控量来校正直流电流波形,进而稳定模块直流侧电容电压,提高系统的稳定性。最后,搭建了实验样机并完成了实验验证,结果表明改进调制策略能够有效地抑制直流电流的振荡,减小模块电容电压的波动,验证了所提调制策略的可行性与有效性。     

超级电容技术在港口机械中的应用研究

通过实验,对超级电容器与电池、传统电容在比功率、比能量和使用寿命方面进行比较,结果表明,以超级电容作为储能元件的混合动力系统在节能环保等方面具有很大的优越性,在港口机械中有广阔的应用前景。     

城市轨道交通直流牵引监控系统的研究

阐述直流牵引供电系统是城市轨道交通供电系统中一个特殊重要的部分,直流牵引系统监控自动化是整个供电系统自动化工程实施的核心.分析直流牵引系统的功能需求,提出CAN总线与以太网相结合的直流牵引监控系统设计方案,并详细讨论系统设计的硬件组成与软件结构.