试论快速公交系统在我国大城市建设的适应性问题

快速公交作为新的一种公共交通模式,具有速度快、容量大、建设周期短、造价低等诸多优点.在我国已有较多的城市正在规划和建设快速公交,本文通过对快速公交发展主要影响因素的适应性分析,并针对目前快速公交实践中问题的进行探讨,提出在大城市中应坚持发展快速公交,落实公交优先的政策,并指出成功的快速公交系统应系统地考虑其与常规公交等其他交通的协调以及对公交网络的优化,以提升整体公交系统的综合效率.     

浅析成都主城区快速公交系统规划策略

随着大城市交通拥挤现象加剧及城市规模的日益扩大,居民对公共交通的需求与日俱增,公共交通发展潜力巨大。快速公交系统是介于城市轨道交通与常规公交之间的新型运营系统,是大容量车辆为运载工具的快速交通方式。本文针对成都交通所面临的问题,深入分析了快速公交系统的概念及优劣势以及国内外快速公交系统建设情况等;从城市公共交通特征出发。对成都主城区实施快速公交的优劣势以及可行性进行了研究．在现有道路资源的条件下探讨了成都主城区快速公交线网布局的规划原则、策略以及快速公交系统与城市轨道交通的衔接的三种发展模式。旨在进一步改善成都主城区快速公交系统的规划方法。     

Regulation,trust and contractual incentives around transport contracts – Is there anything bus operators can learn from public air service contracts?

This paper compares recent experiences in contract negotiation and subsequent commitment in public air services with the bus industry. The heart of the paper is a survey of European and Australian regional airlines, which we mirror with revealed experiences of bus operators. We aim to identify a number of elements in the contracting regimes that have exposed ambiguity and significant gaps in what the principal (e.g., transport department) expected, and what the agent (airline or bus operator) believed they were obliged to deliver. Ultimately airline and bus services are similar in that public authorities procure transport services that are desirable for the society but would be unprofitable without government involvement. In both sectors (theoretically fairly similar) public transport contracts are used, and those usually include obligations and performance measurements. In terms of similarities, one of the surveyed contract details that had a perceived high clarity in both industries was “payment procedures” and amongst those with rather poor clarity was also in both industries “incentives to improve performance and grow patronage”. We also show differences between regional air services and bus operations with regard to performance measurement and pre-specified obligations. Because of the strong safety culture around air services we find that regulation and trusting partnerships are even more important to aviation than to the bus sector. Because of the high level of trust but also because of simpler and more complete contracts in aviation, there is much less (re-)negotiation going on compared to the bus operations.     

Engaging the paratransit sector in Cape Town on public transport reform: Progress,process and risks

The South African government in 2006 initiated an urban public transport reform programme reliant on the introduction of new bus rapid transit (BRT) systems. Affected paratransit operators can opt to be incorporated in these systems by forming new operating companies, but must withdraw their existing services from proposed routes. Cape Town's first phase of BRT operations came online in 2011, and operator engagement has focussed on this phase. The attitudes within this city's paratransit sector in relation to future phases, and to the broader reform policy, remain largely untested. In view of this sector's past resistance to government-led proposals, and the current phase avoiding areas with the highest concentrations of operators, the current engagement process's outcomes may not be adequate indicators of future prospects.     

Towards a simplified performance-linked value for money model as a reference point for bus contract payments

The burgeoning commitment to contracting the delivery of bus services through competitive tendering or negotiated performance-based contracts has been accompanied by as many contract payments schemes as there are contracts. We are now well placed to design a simplified performance-linked payment (SPLP) model that can be used as a reference point to ensure value for money, given the accumulation of experiences throughout the world which have revealed substantive common elements in contracts. Whether the payment to the operator is framed as a payment per passenger or as a payment per service kilometre, the SPLP identifies efficient subsidy outcomes that are linked to a proxy indicator of net social benefit per dollar of subsidy. We illustrate how the SPLP model can be applied to obtain the gross (subsidy) cost per passenger (or per passenger km) from measures of gross cost efficiency and network effectiveness. This model can then be used as part of a benchmarking activity to identify reference value of money prospects in respect of passengers per $ subsidy outlay by adjusting for influences not under the control of the service provider. A single framework to identify contract payments to operators, and to assess (i.e., benchmark) operator performance on critical KPIs, is provided by internalising critical key performance indicators (KPIs) in the design of the SPLP. The proposed SPLP model is sufficiently general to be independent of the procurement method (competitive tendered or negotiated, for example) and of the treatment of revenue allocation (net or gross based contracts), with the additional advantage of being able to assess value for money for government.     

Four decades of changing transport policy in Santiago,Chile

During the last forty years, Santiago has experienced a series of drastic changes in public transport policies. These changes have ranged widely, from total deregulation to processes that concentrated the management of public transport within the hands of the public sector.     

西宁市实施公交优先措施的探讨

随着西宁市交通需求的增加和交通问题的日益突出,优先发展公共交通已经成为交通发展的必然选择。本文主要分析了西宁市公共交通发展的现状及存在的问题,探讨了西宁市实施公交优先发展的建议与增强公交吸引力的措施。     

公交车辆节能减排驾驶技术研究

本文通过实测数据分析了南京市公交车运行工况,结合实验所得排放数据,运用碳平衡法计算燃油消耗量。基于工况与油耗数据,分析两者之间的关系,发现加速工况的油耗贡献率最大,因此需要改善公交车辆的加速工况。此外应当选择合理的速度匀速行驶以控制匀速工况下的油耗量。并进一步分析了速度、加速度对油耗量的影响,发现当速度大于25km／h,加速度在0．1m／s^2-0．4m／s^2范围内,减速度在0．1m／s^2-0．1m／s^2左右时油耗量较小。最后根据分析结果,提出绿色驾驶理念下,针对车速及加减速控制的公交车节能减排驾驶技术。     

不同车型与波形梁护栏数值碰撞的仿真模拟分析

为了检验不同波形梁护栏对于即将冲出路外的大客车的拦阻作用的有效性和阻拦效果较好的护栏对半挂车的阻拦效果,分别建立大客车、半挂车和波形梁护栏的有限元模型,在动力学范畴内利用计算机仿真软件完成大客车、半挂车与波形梁护栏的碰撞实验,并通过动力学计算软件LS—DYNA3D,在该软件环境下完成车辆一护栏之间的碰撞大变形计算。在得到试验结果后,用HyperView提取结果文件,观察车辆和护栏的变形、云图、瞬变以及速度衰减历程曲线。最后对得出的碰撞实验结果数据进行对比分析,以较为真实反应车辆和护栏碰撞的发生机理．并为弼f．有护栏提出政善提供依据．     

快速公交系统通行能力研究

通行能力分析是快速公交系统规划、设计和优化的基础。基于GI/G/1排队论模型和车站有效停靠泊位数构建了快速公交系统通行能力计算方法,其参数设置涉及影响快速公交系统通行能力的各种因素。通过对北京、广州、厦门、郑州等多个中国城市快速公交系统运营状况的调查分析,对相关参数进行了标定,以使其反映中国各地快速公交系统运营实际。最后以广州、厦门、郑州三市的快速公交系统为例,对上述方法的应用进行说明。