A systematic analysis of multimodal transport systems with road space distribution and responsive bus service

A smart design of transport systems involves efficient use and allocation of the limited urban road capacity in the multimodal environment. This paper intends to understand the system-wide effect of dividing the road space to the private and public transport modes and how the public transport service provider responds to the space changes. To this end, the bimodal dynamic user equilibrium is formulated for separated road space. The Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) model is employed to depict the dynamics of the automobile traffic for its state-dependent feature, its inclusion of hypercongestion, and its advantage of capturing network topology. The delay of a bus trip depends on the running speed which is in turn affected by bus lane capacity and ridership. Within the proposed bimodal framework, the steady-state equilibrium traffic characteristics and the optimal bus fare and service frequency are analytically derived. The counter-intuitive properties of traffic condition, modal split, and behavior of bus operator in the hypercongestion are identified. To understand the interaction between the transport authority (for system benefit maximization) and the bus operator (for its own benefit maximization), we examine how the bus operator responds to space changes and how the system benefit is influenced with the road space allocation. With responsive bus service, the condition, under which expanding bus lane capacity is beneficial to the system as a whole, has been analytically established. Then the model is applied to the dynamic framework where the space allocation changes with varying demand and demand-responsive bus service. We compare the optimal bus services under different economic objectives, evaluate the system performance of the bimodal network, and explore the dynamic space allocation strategy for the sake of social welfare maximization.     

营运大客车正面碰撞乘员伤害的研究

客车发生正面碰撞事故约占客车碰撞事故的50%~60%。利用LS-DYNA软件,建立了包括假人、安全带和安全气囊在内的大客车车体有限元模型,对不同速度下营运大客车的正面碰撞特性进行了模拟仿真计算,分析了无任何保护措施、佩戴安全带及佩戴安全带且安全气囊起爆三种事故形态下乘员头部HPC值、胸部压缩量和大腿骨轴向接触力等伤害值。研究结果表明,安全带对于驾驶员的保护意义重大,为营运大客车乘员保护设计以及合理制定营运大客车正面碰撞法规提供数据参考。     

基于多源数据的公交车能耗碳排放测算模型

公交车能耗碳排放强度与车辆、线路和驾驶员有显著相关关系，为精准刻画其能耗碳排放强度特征，整合OBD监测数据、加油(气)数据、运营排班数据等多源数据资源. OBD监测数据和加油(气)数据呈显著的线性关系，证明修正后的OBD监测数据可满足分析要求. 搭建“速度-能耗碳排放强度曲线”测算模型，幂函数关系的拟合优度R2 =0.972 6 为最高. 实证研究发现，平均速度在10~60 km/h 变化时，液化天然气(LNG)车比柴油车能耗碳排放强度高 3.3%~33.7%，双层车比铰接车高2.4%~13.3%；LNG铰接车在不同线路、相同速度下的强度相差9.6%；不同驾驶员在相同线路的能耗碳排放强度可相差24.2%. 模型为各城市基于多源数据开展公交能耗碳排放目标设定提供数据支撑.     

A cost-competitiveness analysis of charging infrastructure for electric bus operations

This study investigates the cost competitiveness of different types of charging infrastructure, including charging stations, charging lanes (via charging-while-driving technologies) and battery swapping stations, in support of an electric public transit system. To this end, we first establish mathematical models to investigate the optimal deployment of various charging facilities along the transit line and determine the optimal size of the electric bus fleet, as well as their batteries, to minimize total infrastructure and fleet costs while guaranteeing service frequency and satisfying the charging needs of the transit system. We then conduct an empirical analysis utilizing available real-world data. The results suggest that: (1) the service frequency, circulation length, and operating speed of a transit system may have a great impact on the cost competitiveness of different charging infrastructure; (2) charging lanes enabled by currently available inductive wireless charging technology are cost competitive for most of the existing bus rapid transit corridors; (3) swapping stations can yield a lower total cost than charging lanes and charging stations for transit systems with high operating speed and low service frequency; (4) charging stations are cost competitive only for transit systems with very low service frequency and short circulation; and (5) the key to making charging lanes more competitive for transit systems with low service frequency and high operating speed is to reduce their unit-length construction cost or enhance their charging power.     

城市公交GPS轨迹路线图制作研究

以哈尔滨市104路公交为主要研究对象,详细介绍城市公交的GPS轨迹路线图制作时所需的软硬件,以及数据的采集方法,叙述数据的整合与分类过程。通过将主要公交站点周围兴趣点信息增添到轨迹点附近,构成包含有站点轨迹信息、站点影像信息的沿途轨迹信息。经过整合与分类,通过HOLUX ezTour软件对数据进行处理,阐述轨迹查询、地标的新增与删改和轨迹的添加与变换等功能。并使用Google Earth三维图像对轨迹路线全面整合,最终制作成城市公交GPS轨迹路线图。     

武汉快速步入节水型先进城市的借鉴与对策

在水及节水措施引起国际社会极度关注的今天,针对武汉快速步入节水型城市这一重大课题,指出武汉城市发展必须走节水型道路。分析了武汉城市节约了用水的情况与问题,借鉴美国节约用水的成功经验与做法,最后提出武汉快速步入节水型先进城市的对策与建议。     

LonWorks分布式控制网络技术在轨道列车中的应用

LonWorks作为一种成熟的控制网络技术,己在列车通信网络中得到广泛的应用,但因不能实现自动编组,且与车辆总线的连接也有问题,使其运用受到限制。现提出了初步解决方案,并通过实验进行了验证。     

点火能量对电控单燃料CNG发动机性能的影响

分析了点火能量的影响因素,提出了控制点火能量的方法,建立了电控单燃料CNG发动机试验台架,并确定了试验方法,进行了点火能量的试验。通过分析试验结果,得出了点火能量对单燃料CNG发动机动力性、经济性和排放性能的影响特点,得出了CNG发动机各工况下合适的点火能量范围。     

硬质颗粒含量对CNG阀座性能的影响

试验研究了硬质颗粒的含量对阀座的室温、高温硬度及压溃强度的影响,硬质颗粒对阀座烧结温度的影响,并通过模拟台架试验分析了硬质颗粒含量对阀座下沉量影响,综合确定了阀座材料中适宜的硬质颗粒含量。     

汽车全液晶车速里程表研制

介绍了以MC68HC9S12DP256为控制芯片,基于PCF8533液晶驱动芯片的全数字式液晶车速里程表,实现了系统的低功耗和直观良好的显示界面。