轿车差速器模糊优化设计

将模糊优化设计方法应用于轿车差速器设计中，利用模糊优化理论，较全面地分析了影响轿车差速器圆锥齿轮传动的各因素的模糊性，建立了以轿车差速器体积最小为目标的模糊化化设计的数学模型，并进行了实例计算。     

捷达轿车配气机构及点火系统的故障及排除方法

简要介绍了捷达轿车的配气机构及点火系统的结构和工作原理，详细分析了点火系统的故障原因并提出了正确排除故障的方法，点火系统的故障主要表现三方面，点火过早（点火提前角过大），点火过晚（点火提前角过小）和不点火（点火系统不工作）。     

轿车发动机机械损失的降低

机械损失对现代车用发动机燃料经济性的影响很大，轿车发动机因为其经常在很小的负荷率下运行，故障低机构损失的对改善其油耗和排放将更大的效果，分析了轿车发动机基本参数，零部件设计等对摩擦损失的影响，提出了降低其机械损失的若干措施。     

奥迪轿车零件翻孔端部直径偏小浅析

对奥迪轿车零件翻孔端部直径偏小的分析结果表明，其主要原因是材料变薄及回弹所致。为解决这一问题，对于材料较厚及外径较大的翻孔，可考虑增加整孔工序；而对料厚及外径较小的翻孔，可以采用增大凸模外径，减小模具间隙的方法来实现。     

弹性元件对奥迪轿车前悬架力学特性及顺从性的影响

本文分析了奥迪１００轿车前悬架的结构特点，应用多体系统动力学理论和结构力学方法建立了设及导向构件和橡胶铰链弹性变形的悬架多体系统模型，并对其进行了计算分析。探讨了这两类变形元件对悬架力学特性和汽车顺从性的影响。     

宝来1.8T轿车独立点火线圈检测方法

一汽-大众宝来1.8T轿车点火系统采用独立式点火线圈,其故障是该款轿车点火系统常见的主要故障。详细介绍了独立点火线圈故障的诊断方法,即一般首先进行自诊断故障信息的检测以提取故障码,初步确定故障范围,然后检测点火系统主要的功能部件以最终确定故障。给出了应用所介绍的检测方法进行检测的具体实例。     

虚拟样机技术在空气悬架系统设计中的应用

应用MSC.ADAMS及ANSYS软件,在ADAMS/Car[1]中建立了中型客车前空气悬架系统刚柔体耦合的动力学模型。模型的各类参数主要通过试验和Solidworks软件获得。在ADAMS/Car中,利用虚拟仿真试验对单纵臂式非独立悬架进行了多种性能分析,并结合空气悬架在设计及使用过程中出现的主要问题进行了探讨,提出了相应的解决办法。通过模型参数化分析及不同方案的仿真试验对比表明,利用基于ADAMS/Car软件建立的空气悬架系统模型可对悬架性能做出正确预测,对空气悬架系统的设计具有工程指导意义。     

本田雅阁轿车空调温度自动控制系统的故障诊断与检修

介绍了本田雅阁轿车空调温度自动控制系统的组成及工作原理,对该温度自动控制系统可能出现的故障及故障原因进行了详细分析。介绍了该车型车内(外)温度传感器、阳光传感器、蒸发器温度传感器、空气混调电动机、模式控制电动机等主要部件的检修方法。     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

Reducing car dependence in the heart of Europe: lessons from Germany,Austria, and Switzerland

Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, and Zurich – the largest cities in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland – have significantly reduced the car share of trips over the past 25 years in spite of high motorisation rates. The key to their success has been a coordinated package of mutually reinforcing transport and land-use policies that have made car use slower, less convenient, and more costly, while increasing the safety, convenience, and feasibility of walking, cycling, and public transport. The mix of policies implemented in each city has been somewhat different. The German cities have done far more to promote cycling, while Zurich and Vienna offer more public transport service per capita at lower fares. All five of the cities have implemented roughly the same policies to promote walking, foster compact mixed-use development, and discourage car use. Of the car-restrictive policies, parking management has been by far the most important. The five case study cities demonstrate that it is possible to reduce car dependence even in affluent societies with high levels of car ownership and high expectations for quality of travel.