Method for investigating intradriver heterogeneity using vehicle trajectory data: A Dynamic Time Warping approach

After first extending Newell’s car-following model to incorporate time-dependent parameters, this paper describes the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm and its application for calibrating this microscopic simulation model by synthesizing driver trajectory data. Using the unique capabilities of the DTW algorithm, this paper attempts to examine driver heterogeneity in car-following behavior, as well as the driver’s heterogeneous situation-dependent behavior within a trip, based on the calibrated time-varying response times and critical jam spacing. The standard DTW algorithm is enhanced to address a number of estimation challenges in this specific application, and a numerical experiment is presented with vehicle trajectory data extracted from the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) project for demonstration purposes. The DTW algorithm is shown to be a reasonable method for processing large vehicle trajectory datasets, but requires significant data reduction to produce reasonable results when working with high resolution vehicle trajectory data. Additionally, singularities present an interesting match solution set to potentially help identify changing driver behavior; however, they must be avoided to reduce analysis complexity.     

A simple nonparametric car-following model driven by field data

Car-following models are always of great interest of traffic engineers and researchers. In the age of mass data, this paper proposes a nonparametric car-following model driven by field data. Different from most of the existing car-following models, neither driver’s behaviour parameters nor fundamental diagrams are assumed in the data-driven model. The model is proposed based on the simple k-nearest neighbour, which outputs the average of the most similar cases, i.e., the most likely driving behaviour under the current circumstance. The inputs and outputs are selected, and the determination of the only parameter k is introduced. Three simulation scenarios are conducted to test the model. The first scenario is to simulate platoons following real leaders, where traffic waves with constant speed and the detailed trajectories are observed to be consistent with the empirical data. Driver’s rubbernecking behaviour and driving errors are simulated in the second and third scenarios, respectively. The time–space diagrams of the simulated trajectories are presented and explicitly analysed. It is demonstrated that the model is able to well replicate periodic traffic oscillations from the precursor stage to the decay stage. Without making any assumption, the fundamental diagrams for the simulated scenario coincide with the empirical fundamental diagrams. These all validate that the model can well reproduce the traffic characteristics contained by the field data. The nonparametric car-following model exhibits traffic dynamics in a simple and parsimonious manner.     

Influences of the driver’s bounded rationality on micro driving behavior,fuel consumption and emissions

In this paper, we propose an extended car-following model to study the influences of the driver’s bounded rationality on his/her micro driving behavior, and the fuel consumption, CO, HC and NO_X of each vehicle under two typical cases, where Case I is the starting process and Case II is the evolution process of a small perturbation. The numerical results indicate that considering the driver’s bounded rationality will reduce his/her speed during the starting process and improve the stability of the traffic flow during the evolution of the small perturbation, and reduce the total fuel consumption, CO, HC and NO_X of each vehicle under the above two cases.     

Modeling cooperative and autonomous adaptive cruise control dynamic responses using experimental data

Vehicle longitudinal control systems such as (commercially available) autonomous Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and its more sophisticated variant Cooperative ACC (CACC) could potentially have significant impacts on traffic flow. Accurate models of the dynamic responses of both of these systems are needed to produce realistic predictions of their effects on highway capacity and traffic flow dynamics. This paper describes the development of models of both ACC and CACC control systems that are based on real experimental data. To this end, four production vehicles were equipped with a commercial ACC system and a newly developed CACC controller. The Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) that has been widely used for ACC car-following modeling was also implemented on the production vehicles. These controllers were tested in different traffic situations in order to measure the actual responses of the vehicles. Test results indicate that: (1) the IDM controller when implemented in our experimental test vehicles does not perceptibly follow the speed changes of the preceding vehicle; (2) strings of consecutive ACC vehicles are unstable, amplifying the speed variations of preceding vehicles; and (3) strings of consecutive CACC vehicles overcome these limitations, providing smooth and stable car following responses. Simple but accurate models of the ACC and CACC vehicle following dynamics were derived from the actual measured responses of the vehicles and applied to simulations of some simple multi-vehicle car following scenarios.     

期望车头间距的混沌模型研究

通过对跟驰车队刺激———反应过程以及人车单元组合的微观特性分析,说明跟驰车队中具有产生混沌现象的必要特征。首先运用数学方法给出4种期望车头间距理想模型,将Rossler混沌吸引子模型分别引入4种模型中,然后选择能更好地描述实际交通流状态的期望车头间距模型,并利用高精度车载GPS设备在城市快速路上采集的实测跟车数据对该模型进行标定和验证后,认为改进的期望车头间距模型能更好地反映实际交通流的跟驰特性。     

跟车模型研究综述

车辆跟驰理论作为最基础的交通流理论分支,国外在这方面的研究已经持续了半个多世纪,随着智能交通系统(ITS)正蓬勃展开,司机行为和车辆运行特征是构建智能交通系统的基础,从微观角度研究司机、车辆在快速路中的行为特征,其成果将为防止车辆追尾事故、构建智能交通系统、实现交通仿真和估算通行能力提供理论基础。文章在认真分析国内外车辆跟驰理论领域研究的基础上认为,尽管现有的许多跟车模型已经应用于实践,但每个模型都存在或多或少的不足,综合评述已有的成果,发现已有的研究缺乏描述跟车行为的时间序列数据。     

利用因子分析选取车辆跟驰模型输入变量

现有的微观仿真模型中,车辆跟驰模型的构建多数是基于对交通现象的感性认识,有些模型对数据进行了统计分析,却未直接涉及到对输入变量选择的研究。本文运用因子分析非线性多元统计方法提取典型实验数据的有用信息,寻求能够最大程度反映跟车信息的内生变量作为跟驰模型的输入变量。     

车辆跟驰模型对比研究

车辆跟驰理论作为交通流理论的一个重要分支,半个世纪以来一直受到交通研究人员的重视并得到持续快速发展。主要介绍了几个重要模型并结合各自的特点进行了对比研究。建议实际应用时应根据系统要求结合模型的特点进行选择,必要时进行适当的改进。     

一类非线性车辆跟驰模型的稳定性与分岔特性

针对一类常用的非线性车辆跟驰模型,本文运用时滞动力系统理论,分析了由3辆车组成的系统的稳定性及其Hopf分岔特性,得到了系统参数平面上的稳定域范围,以及不同的系统时滞量（驾驶员反映时间）和不同的安全间距对系统稳定域的影响,揭示了非线性车辆跟驰模型中存在的复杂动力学现象。通过数值仿真验证了理论分析和计算的结果,并判明了系统经历的Hopf分岔是亚临界的。理论分析的结果可推广到由任意辆车组成的车队。