面向汽车布置设计的人体模型的研究

以人体参数为基础建立的人体模型是描述人体形态特征和力学特征的有效工具,是研究、分析、评价人机系统不可缺少的辅助手段。用于车身设计的H点人体模型是车身总布置设计的工具之一。针对现有的SAEJ826H点人体模型的缺点,介绍了由UMTRI和BDLMSUCE最新开发的ASPECT人体模型,为汽车厂家使用新的人体模型提供了参考。     

船舶电站仿真模型改进设计研究

为提高船舶电站的仿真精度,增进仿真过程与实际运行过程的贴合度,对柴油发电机组、汽轮发电机组的仿真模型进行改进研究,对原动机和调速器建立更具针对性的仿真模型,更加贴合实际的应用对象.同时,还建立了同步并车装置及调频调载装置的仿真模型,两者的工作原理与实际设备相同.文章在模型精度和运行过程模拟两个方面都提出了改进设计的措施.     

Mathematical properties and constraints representation for bottom-up approaches to the evaluation of GHG mitigation policies

Bottom-up models, including MARKAL, MESSAGE and AIM, are widely used when analyzing the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement policies. These bottom-up models are mostly formulated as a linear programming (LP) optimization model to find both the minimal cost combination of abatement technologies and energy flows while satisfying demands. It is not unusual that the bottom-up modeling involves a great number of technical, industrial, socioeconomic and environmental constraints. Investigating representative constraints needed for analyzing GHG abatement policies, this study proposes how to implement these constraints in bottom-up modeling.     

柴油机工作过程模拟计算

对大型船用柴油机缸内工作过程进行了数学建模与仿真，并运用Visual C＋＋编制了柴油机工作过程模拟程序，对MAN B＆W 6L70MCE柴油机工作过程进行了模拟计算，获得了缸内示功图，模拟计算与试验结果对比说明该模拟计算程序的正确性和实用性。     

Simulated responses of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in climate and anthropogenic nutrient loading

A mathematical model was used to simulate monthly responses of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in climate and anthropogenic nutrient loading over a 45-year period. We examined six hypothetical future scenarios that are based on observed and projected changes in the Mississippi River discharge, Mississippi River nitrate concentrations, and ambient water temperatures. In particular, we investigated the implications of a 30% decrease in the Mississippi River nitrogen flux, which was recently proposed by the Mississippi River Watershed/Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Task Force as a measure to reduce the size of the hypoxic zone. Model simulations suggest that the frequency of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico is highly sensitive to variations in riverine nitrate flux, but also to variations in freshwater discharge and ambient water temperatures. A 30% decrease in the Mississippi River nitrate flux, for example, would reduce the frequency of hypoxia by 37%. Nevertheless, a 20% increase the Mississippi River discharge, which may occur under some climate change scenarios, would produce an increase in the frequency of hypoxia of the same magnitude. Thus, if the potential climatic variations are taken into account, a 30% decrease in the nitrogen flux of the Mississippi River may not be sufficient to accomplish the proposed hypoxia management goal.     

基于PSpice软件的电力电子系统仿真研究

本文陈述了有关电力电子与运动控制系统仿真方面的应用展望,讨论了在科研、教学和设计过程中用到的仿真的基本原理,并通过示例介绍了仿真程序的具体应用。     

Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic

Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These changes include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover in summer, increased time between sea-ice break-up and freeze-up, and Arctic surface water freshening and warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, and increased runoff. These changes are commonly attributed to the greenhouse effect resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and other non-CO₂ radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The greenhouse effect should be most pronounced in the Arctic where the largest air CO₂ concentrations and winter–summer variations in the world for a clean background environment were detected. However, the air–land–shelf interaction in the Arctic has a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere; as the permafrost thaws, a significant amount of old terrestrial carbon becomes available for biogeochemical cycling and oxidation to CO₂. The Arctic Ocean's role in determining regional CO₂ balance has been ignored, because of its small size (only  4% of the world ocean area) and because its continuous sea-ice cover is considered to impede gaseous exchange with the atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models include CO₂ exchange over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) the Arctic shelf seas (the Laptev and East-Siberian seas) may become a strong source of atmospheric CO₂ because of oxidation of bio-available eroded terrestrial carbon and river transport; (2) the Chukchi Sea shelf exhibits the strong uptake of atmospheric CO₂; (3) the sea-ice melt ponds and open brine channels form an important spring/summer air CO₂ sink that also must be included in any Arctic regional CO₂ budget. Both the direction and amount of CO₂ transfer between air and sea during open water season may be different from transfer during freezing and thawing, or during winter when CO₂ accumulates beneath Arctic sea-ice; (4) direct measurements beneath the sea ice gave two initial results. First, a drastic pCO₂ decrease from 410 μatm to 288 μatm, which was recorded in February–March beneath the fast ice near Barrow using the SAMI-CO₂ sensor, may reflect increased photosynthetic activity beneath sea-ice just after polar sunrise. Second, new measurements made in summer 2005 beneath the sea ice in the Central Basin show relatively high values of pCO₂ ranging between 425 μatm and 475 μatm, values, which are larger than the mean atmospheric value in the Arctic in summertime. The sources of those high values are supposed to be: high rates of bacterial respiration, import of the Upper Halocline Water (UHW) from the Chukchi Sea (CS) where values of pCO₂ range between 400 and 600 μatm, a contribution from the Lena river plume, or any combination of these sources.     

MIDAS/Civil分体式小箱梁湿接缝模拟方法

以由3片分体式组合箱梁组成的30 m三跨连续梁桥为研究对象,利用大型有限元软件MIDAS/Civil,建立了3种湿接缝模拟方法的梁单元模型,分别为湿接缝换算法、刚接梁法、横向虚拟梁法。对比分析3种计算模型在3种荷载工况下各片箱梁的边跨跨中与中跨跨中位移解。计算结果表明:实体模型计算结果准确但建模复杂,与之相比,湿接缝换算法、刚接梁法、横向虚拟梁法模型建模较简单,最大误差为6.4%;湿接缝换算法、刚接梁法、横向虚拟梁法是分体式组合小箱梁桥的较合适建模方法,可用于分体式组合小箱梁桥结构分析。     

Economic factors affecting the registration of lower CO2 emitting aircraft in Europe

We examine the various forces influencing the development and uptake of environmentally beneficial technical changes, focusing on airline technology. Within this context, we consider not only the nature of competition within the final market in which aircraft, an intermediate product, are sold, but also that of the product market itself, the commercial airline industry. The reasons for the gradual reduction in CO₂ per seat per aircraft movement in aircraft design are examined in terms of the real costs of aviation fuel, changes in the nature of the supply industry, the movement towards carbon cap-trade policies, and endogenous technical progress in the technology of the industry. The latter being taken as an empirical proxy for the role market forms play in influencing the fuel efficiency of the types of aircraft used. The results support the existence of these latter forces on the demand for aircraft types, allowing for other influences that affect aircraft technology.     

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通过对一次制动模式曲线列控方式的剖析，阐述了在确定列车追踪时间间隔时传统公式使用平均速度进行计算所存在的弊端，从而提出了利用计算机仿真技术对一次模式曲线列控方式下的追踪时间间隔及其对应模式曲线的生成进行模拟计算，并针对该模拟计算提出了相应的模型与算法；同时，基于追踪时间间隔一般情况下受限于车站到达间隔的事实，对列车进站进行了提前减速的优化设计，并提出了相应的模型流程。最后，针对前述研究作了实例验算。