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针对城市道路环境中驾驶人的应激响应操作时间特性,基于虚拟现实技术搭建了测试平台,对28名驾驶人在不同应激场景下的应激操作时间进行了研究.不同应激场景下的数据分析结果表明,非熟练驾驶人的应激操作时间要小于熟练驾驶人,且时间值较为稳定.青年驾驶人的操作时间值最小,且数据最为稳定.此外,随着车速的上升,驾驶人操作时间呈现下降趋势,两者之间符合对数函数关系.以驾驶经验、驾驶人年龄和车速为自变量,采用对数函数的多元线性预测模型能够对驾驶人的应激操作时间进行准确预测,被试样本实测值落在预测区间的比例达到了98.37%.     

轨道交通列车运行延误仿真系统研究

简述了轨道交通列车运行延误仿真系统的基本框架结构;对列车延误模拟分析和运行模拟两个主要模块的模型建立、结构设计、功能实现及算法结构进行了描述.对列车延误仿真的评价指标进行了说明.系统可根据基础设施特点、列车运行组织方案、列车运行图以及列车运行延误的影响等,进行运行组织方案的可靠性、适应性及预期效果的定量分析和评价.     

Forecasting the impacts of climate change on inland waterways

Inland waterways are vulnerable to climate change as river navigation depends on water levels. Droughts can severely disrupt inland navigation services by reducing water levels either to completely non-navigable ones or to levels that oblige operators to reduce vessel load. We analyse the impacts of droughts induced by climate change using projections of river discharge data provided by eleven different climate model runs. We consider location specific characteristics by focusing the analysis on four specific locations of the Rhine and the Danube where a substantial part of the total freight activity in the European Union (EU) takes place. For the majority of the cases and scenarios considered, a decrease of the number of low water level days is projected, leading to fewer drought related disruptions in the operation of the inland waterway transport system. Although the uncertainties from the climate projections should not be neglected, the navigation sector could benefit from global warming which means that European inland waterways might be one of the few sectors where climate change can have negligible, or even positive, impact. The average economic benefit, for the cases considered, from the decrease of low water levels by the end of the century is projected to be almost €8million annually.     

基于模拟串行口及RS-485网络的船舶模拟电站监控系统的接口电路设计

介绍了利用RS-232/RS-485 转接头以及模拟串行口实现PC 机与船舶模拟电站各控制屏进行实时通信的方法,详细介绍了模拟串行口的工作原理,并给出了模拟串行口的C51程序,从总体上对该系统的软硬件做出详细介绍。     

出口突尼斯内燃动车组噪声控制及声学设计

介绍了出口突尼斯内燃动车组噪声控制要求、噪声源频谱特性,制定了车辆断面结构的隔声设计方案,为验证方案的合理性,对车辆所用材料及组合结构进行了隔声试验和振动试验,同时通过预测车内噪声及建立有限元模型,对车内声场进行仿真计算,进一步证明了车辆隔声结构设计合理,能够有效控制车辆内部噪声。     

重载列车纵向动力学计算程序综述和研制

介绍了国内外重载列车纵向动力学仿真计算程序的发展概况,对空气制动系统模拟、车钩缓冲装置模拟以及数值积分方法等三个关键问题进行了梳理分析,并提出了作者的认识和见解,为今后的重载列车纵向动力学仿真研究提供了有价值的研究思路。在此基础上,建立了重载列车纵向动力学仿真模型,其中包括改进的缓冲器迟滞特性数学模型,并编制了它的计算程序,介绍了该程序的基本要素和总体构成。     

驾驶模拟器视景仿真系统的模块化建模方法

在KMRTS驾驶模拟系统的核心模块——视景仿真系统已有的研究基础上,提出一种模块化方法来提高视景建模的效率,并给出该方法的基本思想、关键理论、程序设计流程及相应实例,应用结果证明该方法满足驾驶模拟器视景仿真系统的实时性与逼真性的要求,提高视景建模的效率。     

Grand challenges for high-speed rail environmental assessment in the United States

The comprehensiveness of environmental assessments of future long-distance travel that include high-speed rail (HSR) are constrained by several methodological, institutional, and knowledge gaps that must and can be addressed. These gaps preclude a robust understanding of the changes in environmental, human health, resource, and climate change impacts that result from the implementation of HSR in the United States. The gaps are also inimical to an understanding of how HSR can be positioned for 21st century sustainability goals. Through a synthesis of environmental studies, the gaps are grouped into five overarching grand challenges. They include a spatial incompatibility between HSR and other long-distance modes that is often ignored, an environmental review process that obviates modal alternatives, siloed interest in particular environmental impacts, a dearth of data on future vehicle and energy sources, and a poor understanding of secondary impacts, particularly in land use. Recommendations are developed for institutional investment in multimodal research, knowledge and method building around several topics. Ultimately, the environmental assessment of HSR should be integrated in assessments that seek to understand the complementary and competitive configurations of transportation services, as well as future accessibility.     

Climate change modeling and the weather-related road accidents in Canada

The objective of this research is to study the impact of climate change on the hazardous weather-related road accidents in the New Brunswick, Canada. We develop an Exposure to Weather-Accident Severity (EWAS) index multiplying accident and weather severity. The Negative Binomial Regression and Poisson regression models are applied to estimate the spatial–temporal relationship between the EWAS index and weather-related explanatory variables of road accidents. The regression results show that the surface-weather condition, weather, driver’s gender, weather-driver’s age, weather-driver’s experience, and weather-vehicle’s age have strong positive correlation with the EWAS index, while the surface-road alignment and surface-road characteristics have negative relationship with the EWAS index. The climate change model also indicates that the number of accidents declines during snowy and freezing days—most people stay at home and those who travel extra cautious—accidents do occur. The study suggests that the Road Safety Strategy 2015 of the Transport Canada should take a holistic approach to help minimize the incidences of severe road accident during the normal as well as hazardous weather conditions.     

A ‘sustainability window’ of urban form

With global environmental change and the rise of global megacities, environmental and social externalities of urban systems, and especially of urban form, become increasingly prevalent. The question of optimal urban form has been debated and investigated by different disciplines in numerous contexts, including those of transport costs, land consumption and congestion. Here we elucidate theoretically how urban form and the urban transport system systematically modifies sustainability concerns, such as greenhouse gas emissions, local air pollution and congestion. We illustrate our analytical considerations with empirical analysis. Denser urban form would almost unambiguously mitigate climate change, but it would also lead to undesired effects, such as a higher proportion of urban dwellers affected by air pollution. Our study presents a ‘sustainability window’ by highlighting trade-offs between these sustainability concerns as a function of urban form. Only a combination of transportation policies, infrastructure investments and progressive public finance enables the development of cities that perform well in several sustainability dimensions. We estimate that a residential population density between 50 and 150 persons/ha and a modal share of environmental modes above at least 50% corresponds to the sustainability window of urban form. The parameters of the sustainability window of urban form is subject to policy changes and technological progress.