二维及彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺癌的诊断价值

目的　探讨超声对甲状腺癌的诊断价值。方法　对 2 2例甲状腺癌患者进行二维超声及彩色多普勒血流显像 (CDFI)检查 ,全部病例均经手术病理证实。结果　超声图像改变可分为“低回声”型和“混合回声”型。 CDFI显示 :瘤内有较丰富的血供 ,收缩期流速较高 ,频谱增宽 ,阻力指数升高 (RI≥ 0 .70 )。同时可发现颈淋巴结肿大征象。超声诊断符合率为 54.55%。结论　在分析肿块二维声像特征的基础上 ,依据肿块内部血流信号的多少及血流参数测定 ,对甲状腺癌的判断具有重要价值     

Estimation of wheel–rail friction for vehicle certification

In certification of new rail vehicles with respect to running characteristics, a wide variety of operating conditions needs to be considered. However, in associated test runs the wheel–rail friction condition is difficult to handle because the friction coefficient needs to be fairly high and the friction is also generally hard to assess. This is an issue that has been studied in the European project DynoTRAIN and part of the results is presented in this paper. More specifically, an algorithm for estimating the wheel–rail friction coefficient at vehicle certification tests is proposed. Owing to lack of some measurement results, the algorithm here is evaluated in a simulation environment which is also an important step towards practical implementation. A quality measure of the friction estimate is suggested in terms of estimated wheel–rail spin and total creep. It is concluded that, tentatively, the total creep should exceed 0.006 and the spin should be less than 1.0 m^?1 for the algorithm to give a good friction estimate. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to imitate measurement errors, but should be expanded in further work.     

Measuring transport related CO2 emissions induced by online and brick-and-mortar retailing

We develop a method for empirically measuring the difference in transport related carbon footprint between traditional and online retailing (“e-tailing”) from entry point to a geographical area to consumer residence. The method only requires data on the locations of brick-and-mortar stores, online delivery points, and residences of the region’s population, and on the goods transportation networks in the studied region. Such data are readily available in most countries. The method has been evaluated using data from the Dalecarlia region in Sweden, and is shown to be robust to all assumptions made. In our empirical example, the results indicate that the average distance from consumer residence to a brick-and-mortar retailer is 48.54 km in the studied region, while the average distance to an online delivery point is 6.7 km. The results also indicate that e-tailing increases the average distance traveled from the regional entry point to the delivery point from 47.15 km for a brick-and-mortar store to 122.75 km for the online delivery points. However, as professional carriers transport the products in bulk to stores or online delivery points, which is more efficient than consumers’ transporting the products to their residences, the results indicate that consumers switching from traditional to e-tailing on average reduce their transport CO₂ footprints by 84% when buying standard consumer electronics products.     

延崇高速公路金家庄特长螺旋隧道温度场分布规律及保温层研究

为揭示寒区螺旋隧道温度场时空分布规律，依托金家庄特长螺旋隧道，采用现场监测方法研究寒区螺旋隧道温度场变化规律。基于此，通过数值模拟建立三维模型探究进口风速风温对温度场的影响，并拟合结果数据获得保温层敷设长度计算公式。研究表明： 1）随着进洞深度的增加，进、出口洞壁处空气年平均温度上升，而年温度振幅减小； 出口年温度振幅变化幅度略小于进口。2）隧道贯通后，洞内温度受两侧洞外相对低温的共同作用，同一断面处年平均温度下降，年温度振幅增大。3）隧道在直线段温度场分布规律与同条件的直线隧道一致，从曲线段开始内外径温度曲线发生分叉，外径侧温度较直线隧道温度大；而内径侧温度反之。4）进口风速越大、风温越低，对隧道温度场越不利，通过拟合公式，金家庄特长螺旋隧道进口的保温层长度至少需要1 239 m。     

时速200km城际铁路双线圆端形空心墩受力性能分析

结合时速200 km城际铁路双线圆端形空心墩设计实例,阐述铁路空心墩在非温差工况和温差荷载工况作用下的受力分析思路,总结出空心墩的受力特点和配筋原则。结论为:非温差工况作用下,墩身应力水平较低,仅需配置构造钢筋,按混凝土构件对墩身进行检算;温差工况作用下,部分墩身截面应力已超出混凝土的容许应力,需按计算配置钢筋,按钢筋混凝土构件对墩身进行检算;实体和空心交界处存在明显固端干扰效应,需局部加强钢筋布置。     

大管轮适任评估中的增压器实操分析——以IHI-VTR161-2增压器为例

为达到实操教学效果,满足海事局的评估要求,针对大管轮动力设备拆装适任评估中,增压器的拆装、检查、测量中经常出现的问题,在调研的基础上,结合实际工作经验,以IHI-VTR161-2增压器为例总结归纳增压器拆装评估项目拆装检查要点及注意事项。     

磷酸铁锂电池SOC估算的研究

磷酸铁锂电池SOC的估算对电池组的寿命有着重要影响。在完成电池特性实验基础上提出一种能够准确估算磷酸铁锂电池SOC的方法--以Ah计量法为基础,利用开路电压法减小Ah计量法的累计误差。仿真结果表明,所提方法比传统Ah计量法具有更高的精度。     

环境约束下中国交通运输业产能利用测算

测度交通运输业产能利用可帮助交通行业应对产能优化和节能减排的双重挑战，实现高质量发展。研究旨在环境约束视角下，构建一个普适性的产能利用（CU）评价框架，并用于交通运输业产能利用测度研究。将交通运输业能源消耗量和CO₂排放量纳入产能利用评价框架，采用改进的基于数据包络分析的差分法，测度2011~2017年中国交通运输业产能利用。研究结果表明：①2011~2017年间中国交通运输业平均CU值为0.026 0，并以2014年为临界点，呈现先降后增的趋势，这表明中国交通运输业确实存在产能利用不足的问题，且2015~2017年非常严重；②交通运输业产能利用水平区域差异化显著，研究期内与中国其他地区的CU水平相比，西南地区产能利用不足问题最严重；③与原始差分法的测度结果进行对比，所提出的改进方法更具合理性和先进性；④推动交通技术创新发展和合理规划交通资源是产能利用水平提升的关键途径。该研究为制定交通运输业产能利用提升的政策提供科学依据，对建立完善的交通运输业产能利用监测体系具有实际指导意义，有利于实现中国交通运输业产能利用水平整体的提升。     

桩体模量对水泥土搅拌桩复合地基破坏影响研究

针对目前水泥土搅拌桩复合地基整体稳定性研究主要基于假定全部桩体发生剪切或者弯曲破坏的不足，采用有限差分法，对不同位置处桩体的受力特性，破坏模式以及复合地基整体破坏过程的开展方向进行研究，在此基础上，分析桩体弹性模量对桩体受力、破坏模式和破坏顺序的影响。结果表明：水泥土搅拌桩复合地基在路堤荷载作用下，会同时发生弯曲与剪切2种破坏模式，并且水泥土搅拌桩受力在空间分布上具有很大的不同；路堤荷载作用下，桩体的破坏具有渐进性，坡肩以外桩体更易发生弯曲破坏，破坏方向由坡脚首先发生，并向路堤中心逐渐延伸，而路堤内侧桩体更容易发生剪切破坏，破坏方向由路堤中心向坡脚延伸；随着桩体弹性模量的增加，桩体会由剪切破坏转变为弯曲破坏；低模量水泥土搅拌桩复合地基会首先发生内部剪切破坏，之后坡脚处发生弯曲破坏；高模量水泥土搅拌桩复合地基会先于坡脚处发生弯曲破坏，随后在路堤中心发生剪切破坏；桩体弹性模量的提高会增加桩体抗弯刚度，使其承担更大的弯矩，更容易发生弯曲破坏。