Personal tradable carbon permits for road transport: Why, why not and who wins?

Personal road transport sector poses a significant challenge in reducing carbon emissions. This paper evaluates a policy approach known as personal tradable carbon permits to reduce carbon emissions from personal vehicles. The policy is a downstream tradable permit where individuals are allocated carbon emission caps. The policy is qualitatively evaluated in the context of carbon taxes and some upstream tradable permit options. The biggest disadvantage of such a policy is the initial set up costs. Personal tradable permits, however, are more effective than carbon taxes and are also capable of stabilizing the gasoline prices faced by the consumers when the underlying oil prices fluctuate. Since equity effects are often a concern to policy makers, the effect of such personal carbon permits on the distribution of burden is quantified in a partial equilibrium framework for the US population. Different permit allocation strategies are investigated in this regard. Using US consumer expenditure survey data, and incorporating a differentiated price response for different households, we find that all three allocation strategies considered are progressive: a per adult based allocation is the most progressive, a per vehicle allocation nearer to proportional, and a per capita allocation in between the two. Personal tradable permits therefore take care of equity concerns directly through the design of the policy.     

Road transport and climate change: Stepping off the greenhouse gas

Transport is Australia’s third largest and second fastest growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The road transport sector makes up 88% of total transport emissions and the projected emissions increase from 1990 to 2020 is 64%. Achieving prospective emission reduction targets will pose major challenges for the road transport sector. This paper investigates two targets for reducing Australian road transport greenhouse gas emissions, and what they might mean for the sector: emissions in 2020 being 20% below 2000 levels; and emissions in 2050 being 80% below 2000 levels. Six ways in which emissions might be reduced to achieve these targets are considered. The analysis suggests that major behavioural and technological changes will be required to deliver significant emission reductions, with very substantial reductions in vehicle emission intensity being absolutely vital to making major inroads in road transport GHG emissions.     

综合地质预报技术在坛厂隧道施工中的应用

文章介绍了坛厂隧道施工中存在的主要工程地质问题(浅埋破碎、煤层瓦斯、断层破碎带、岩溶及涌水突泥等),以及地质超前预报的重点和难点;针对施工中采用的“以地质法为基础、以HSP声波反射法为主要手段、结合电磁波反射法的综合预报技术”,并结合隧道进口浅埋段和中部岩溶涌水突泥段的预报情况进行了研究分析.隧道施工开挖揭露的情况表明,预报结果与实际开挖揭示吻合率较好,对本隧道工程施工起到了积极的指导作用,为隧道安全施工提供了技术保障.     

燃料电池发动机测控系统控制平台开发

基于MATLAB／SIMULINK／S1ATEFLOW软件平台,结合dSPACE的软硬件资源,开发出了燃料电池发动机测控系统的控制平台。在燃料电池发动机测试规范的基础上,该平台实时地实现了发动机的工况管理、基于CAN总线的各部件节点的协调控制、自动和手动测试及无缝切换、测功机负载控制、故障诊断和处理及数据记录等功能,顺利完成了燃料电池发动机的测试。     

喷油器的常见故障与保养维修

喷油器是柴油机的关键部件，它易产生的故障有：滴油、针阀咬死、针阀与针阀导向面磨损、喷孔扩大、喷油器雾化不良、用错针阀偶件、针阀体的端面磨损、喷油器与缸盖结合孔漏气窜油等。详细分析了这些故障产生的原因，并提出了排除故障的方法。     

制定筑路机械油耗定额之我见

本文浅谈了在制定筑路机械燃油消耗定额时应考虑的几个因素,给出了测定计算机械台班油耗定额的参考计算公式。     

燃料电池汽车储氢方案的安全性与实用性比较

分析了燃料电池汽车采用液氢、高压气氢和金属氢化物储氢3种不同储氢方案的安全性和实用性，结果表明液氢方案的加注站安全性、泄漏安全性和易操作性方面优于气氢方案，并且在有效载荷与空间、燃料经济性、续驶里程、加速性能和最高车速等实用性方面也好于气氢方案。     

燃料电池汽车动力系统热管理

介绍了燃料电池汽车动力系统热管理的基本概念，指出热管理研究主要包括关键部件热特性、热管理系统设升和集成优化、车用环境分析与控制、热管理专项技术4个方面，并分别对它们的研究特点与难点、研究方法和进展等进行了阐述。     

沥青混凝土搅拌设备以煤粉为燃料的应用

介绍了在公路沥青混凝土搅拌设备上以煤粉为燃料的优点及应用前景。进行了经济性分析，介绍了配套设备煤燃烧器的情况，通过对比分析提出存在的一些问题，以进一步研究应用。     

独立悬架-电动轮模块的双横臂悬架机构设计

四轮驱动电动汽车采用由轮毂电机、转速传感器、制动盘和双横臂悬架机构组成的结构相同的独立悬架-电动轮模块，可大幅度减少零部件种类，降低制造成本。文中按空间机构理论导出了双横臂悬架导向机构运动分析与设计的基本公式，并研制成简明实用的视窗式分析与设计系统。提出了可完全消除附加转向干涉的非转向轮双横臂悬架导向机构。将这些研究成果具体应用于国内第一台四轮驱动燃料电池微型汽车概念平台“春晖一号”和样车“春晖二号”的研制，取得了良好效果。