多个企业运营的城市轨道交通换乘与定价模式研究

城市轨道交通引入多元化投资的方案,带来了一个城市的轨道交通由多个企业建设和运营的现象。多个企业运营下的城市轨道交通的换乘和定价模式成为人们关注的焦点。提出了多企业运营的城市轨道交通的三种换乘模式和两种定价模式,并对其进行分析,建立了以票务收入最大化为目标的定价模式选择模型。建议多企业运营的城市轨道交通采取"不出闸机、一票换乘"的换乘模式。多企业运营的城市轨道交通可在换乘模式确定的情况下选择合适的定价模式,以平衡企业收益和乘客利益。     

对近城风景名胜区实施交通需求管理的探讨

近年来,随着城市化进程的推进和机动化交通的飞速发展,旅游交通与城市交通的矛盾成为近城风景名胜区面临的重要问题,对风景名胜区实施交通需求管理已经成为必要和可能的手段.通过对比分析,提出近城风景区交通需求管理的对象为旅游交通和城市过境交通,分析了其特点,并在此基础上提出适用于近城风景名胜区的交通需求管理措施.最后,以拥挤收费为例进行公平性分析.     

关于合理最低评标价法的探讨

实行合理最低评标价法是一项系统工程，需要项目法人负责制、建设监理、合同管理、工程风险管理（工程保险和工程保证担保）、资质管理、工程质量监督管理等制度的配套。只有在这些相关制度的约束之下，合理最低评标价法才有制度保证。     

公路服务商业化经营与企业经营行为

综合经济学和交通工程学理论,以公路服务的经营特性、市场需求和市场细分为基础,研究了公路企业的经营目标、收费价格确定方法、收费定价策略与调价方法,进而分析和得到了公路企业的经营方法。实践证明,经营方法使得公路企业的收费经营行为更为科学,增加了收费收入;公共管制方法在合理考虑企业利益的同时,能够约束公路企业的追利行为,减少社会福利损失。这对公路企业经营收费公路和政府对公路企业经营行为的管制,具有指导意义。     

交通拥挤收费原理与对策研究

交通拥挤收费（Oongestion Pricing）作为现代化城市交通需求管理（TDM）的有效措施之一，虽然在实践中颇多微词，但是其在减少交通吸引、控制交通流量、提高车速与路段通行能力、提高能源利用效率及提高路网的运行效率等方面效果显著，并且在缓解交通拥堵压力的同时带来了财政副收入。从经济学原理出发，利用边际成本定价理论、收入再分配理论以及公共产品和产权经济学理论分析了交通拥挤收费的本质、理论依据，最后提出交通拥挤收费的相关建议和措施。     

弹性需求下多类型用户拥挤收费模型

基于时间价值不同的多类型用户特性,提出了弹性需求下多类型用户的拥挤收费模型,并以一个简化的路网实例比较了多类型用户收费模型与单一类型用户收费模型的区别。简化实例分析结果表明:当费率水平较低时,单一类型用户收费模型高估了路网的流量、社会效益,当费率水平较高时,则低估了路网的流量和社会效益;同时单一类型用户收费模型的路网社会效益和利润区域对应的道路通行能力区间较宽,费率水平区间窄,而多类型用户收费模型的路网社会效益和利润区域对应的道路通行能力区间相对较窄,费率水平区间较宽。     

A traffic congestion detection and information dissemination scheme for urban expressways using vehicular networks

The cooperative vehicle-infrastructure technologies have enabled vehicles to collect and exchange traffic information in real time. Therefore, it is possible to use Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) for detecting traffic congestion on urban expressways. However, because of the special topology of urban expressways (consisting of both major and auxiliary roadways), the existing traffic congestion detection methods using VANETs do not work very well. In addition, the existing dissemination methods of congestion information lack the necessary control mechanism, so the information may be disseminated to irrelevant geographical areas. This paper proposes a congestion detection and notification scheme using VANETs for urban expressways. The scheme adopts a simplified Doppler frequency shift method to estimate and differentiate traffic conditions for major and auxiliary roadways. Vehicular cooperation and human cognition are introduced to improve the estimation accuracy and to describe the overall traffic conditions. Additionally, the scheme develops a spatial–temporal effectiveness model based on the potential energy theory to control the dissemination area and survival time of the congestion information. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme uses several broadcast control mechanisms to alleviate vehicular network congestion. Simulations through TransModeler indicate that our scheme ensures the accuracy of the estimation of congestion degree. Consequently, the scheme can provide effective references for driving decision-making and path-planning.     

基于隐类模型的轨道交通票价分级制定

以影响轨道交通票价制定的各类因素为研究对象,依据已有的理论基础和实践经验,设计了涵盖众多影响票价构成因素的调查问卷,并对有效问卷数据进行统计。利用隐类模型分析合理的票价分类,以及各分类水平对应的多因素不同取值,为轨道交通票价制定的实际应用提供参考。     

A comparative analysis of US toll policy

In the US, there is a long tradition of toll roads, beginning with the Lancaster Turnpike that was built at the end of the 18th century connecting Philadelphia and Lancaster. There are currently more than 300 toll facilities in the US, which is probably the largest number of toll facilities in the world. These facilities represent a wide range of conditions, from hypercongested facilities in large metropolitan areas such as New York City to toll highways in rural areas. The toll structures are equally diverse, ranging from multi-tier price structures with frequent user, carpool, and time of day discounts; to simpler structures in which the only differentiation is made on the basis of the number of axles per vehicle. The toll rates are typically set by the agencies that operate or own the toll facilities. The rules or formulas by which these tolls are determined are not generally available to the public, though it is safe to say that toll decisions are made taking into account technical considerations, as well as the all important criterion of political acceptability. However, data on toll rates and how they change by vehicle types and by some other attributes are readily available.The overall objective of this paper is to analyze the toll data from various facilities across the US to gain insight into the overall factors affecting the tolls. A more specific objective is to assess—though in a rather approximate fashion—if the tolls by vehicle type, relative to each other, are appropriate and consistent with economic theory. This is achieved by comparing tolls to approximate indicators of road space consumption and pavement deterioration. The literature review confirmed that this is the first time such research has been conducted which is an important first step toward an analysis of the efficiency of current toll policies.The analyses in this paper are based on a random sample of all toll facilities across the US. The toll dataset, which include toll rates for passenger cars, busses, and three different truck types, is assembled mainly from the available information on the web sites of various toll agencies. After cleaning the data, the authors used econometric modeling to estimate a set of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models that express tolls as functions of independent variables. Three families of models were estimated: linear models, models based on expansions of Taylor series, and models based on piece-wise linear approximations to non-linear effects. The resulting models were analyzed to identify the salient features of current toll policies towards different vehicle types.     

Parking space management via dynamic performance-based pricing

In congested urban areas, it remains a pressing challenge to reduce unnecessary vehicle circling for parking while at the same time maximize parking space utilization. In observance of new information technologies that have become readily accessible to drivers and parking agencies, we develop a dynamic non-cooperative bi-level model (i.e. Stackelberg leader–follower game) to set parking prices in real-time for effective parking access and space utilization. The model is expected to fit into an integrated parking pricing and management system, where parking reservations and transactions are facilitated by sensing and informatics infrastructures, that ensures the availability of convenient spaces at equilibrium market prices. It is shown with numerical examples that the proposed dynamic parking pricing model has the potential to virtually eliminate vehicle circling for parking, which results in significant reduction in adverse socioeconomic externalities such as traffic congestion and emissions.