Crossing the bridge: The effects of time-varying tolls on curbing congestion

This paper estimates the traffic volume and travel time effects of the road congestion pricing implemented on the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. I employ both difference-in-differences and regression discontinuity approaches to analyze previously unexploited data for the two years spanning the price change and obtain causal estimates of the hourly average treatment effects of the policy. I find evidence of peak spreading in traffic volume and decreases in travel time during peak hours. I also find suggestive evidence of substitution to a nearby bridge and decreases in travel time variability. In addition, I calculate own- and cross-price elasticities.     

Social welfare analysis of investment public–private partnership approaches for transportation projects

This paper has two objectives: (i) to introduce a new approach in order to gain widespread support for road pricing; and (ii) to develop a detailed social welfare analysis for road pricing schemes. We first describe our novel approach that stimulates public support for road pricing, which we refer to as an investment public–private partnership, or IP3. This approach returns a significant portion of the economic value created by road pricing back to the citizens who own the newly priced facility. We then present a social welfare framework that estimates the benefits and costs of using the IP3 approach on an urban transportation network. A P3 project’s impact on overall social welfare provides a more comprehensive evaluation criterion than the often-used Value for Money (VfM) analysis. Apart from several theoretical studies, a detailed social welfare analysis that includes all major P3 project stakeholders is absent from the literature. We use Fresno, California as our case study in order to conduct a welfare analysis on IP3s. Our results show that system-optimal tolling favors average users, but that government—and consequently taxpayers—should pay for costly tolling systems (negative profits). In contrast, unlimited profit-maximizing tolls raise substantial profits for government, for the infrastructure’s citizen-owners, and for the private sector, but the average user is worse off. From a social-welfare perspective, one should search for a Pareto improvement under which all major stakeholders are better off. Our estimates indicate that a mixed public and private tolling scheme offers such an improvement.     

基于MPLS的拥塞控制策略

拥塞控制理论和算法是网络研究的重点问题之一。本文分析了传统网络的拥塞问题，提出了基于MPLS拥塞控制的网络业务QoS和性能保证的机制，并从网络吞吐量和缓存区利用率的提高对网络性能的改善进行了阐述。     

An assessment of the political acceptability of congestion pricing

There is renewed interest in implementing congestion pricing in metropolitan areas throughout the US. This paper reviews changes in the transportation policy environment that have led to this renewed interest and identifies the major interest groups that support congestion pricing. A case study is used to demonstrate that significant barriers to congestion pricing implementation continue to exist. The paper concludes with some suggestions for developing politically acceptable pricing alternatives.     

How do people respond to congestion mitigation policies? A multivariate probit model of the individual consideration of three travel-related strategy bundles

This study explores the relationships between adoption and consideration of three travel-related strategy bundles (travel maintaining/increasing, travel reducing, and major location/lifestyle change), linking them to a variety of explanatory variables. The data for this study are the responses to a fourteen-page survey returned by nearly 1,300 commuting workers living in three distinct San Francisco Bay area neighborhoods in May 1998. We first identified patterns of adoption and consideration among the bundles, using pairwise correlation tests. The test results indicate that those who have adopted coping strategies continue to seek for improvements across the spectrum of generalized cost, but perhaps most often repeating the consideration of a previously-adopted bundle. Furthermore, we developed a multivariate probit model for individuals’ simultaneous consideration of the three bundles. It is found that in addition to the previous adoption of the bundles, qualitative and quantitative Mobility-related variables, Travel Attitudes, Personality, Lifestyle, Travel Liking, and Sociodemographics significantly affect individual consideration of the strategy bundles. Overall, the results of this study give policy makers and planners insight into understanding the dynamic nature of individuals’ responses to travel-related strategies, as well as differences between the responses to congestion that are assumed by policy makers and those that are actually adopted by individuals.

关于城市征收交通拥堵费的可行性探讨

在分析拥堵收费的内涵基础上,分析征收交通拥堵费的可行性,提出征收交通拥堵费应该遵循公平性、效益性、易操作性和可接受性原则。指出在征收交通拥堵费时应该考虑4个方面的原则,即征收交通拥堵费的法律、法规依据;征收交通拥堵费的具体实施方案;交通拥堵费的分配与使用和公共交通系统是否发达。     

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为了探讨拥挤收费对城市居民出行行为的影响,提出了考虑收费的非集计交通方式分担模型,推导了乘客的理解期望收费效用。根据实例测试证明了模型的可用性,进行了收费费率对交通方式分担结构影响的敏感度分析。结果表明,城市交通拥挤收费将影响出行者的交通方式选择行为和满意度,造成城市交通方式分担结构的变化;理解期望效用随收费费率的增加而增大,达到某一值后保持不变,而出行者对拥挤收费的满意度均为负值,并随着出行者对收费认知的不同而以不同的速度减小。     

线性与二部制资费模式的竞争均衡研究

通过构造移动通信市场上运营商资费选择博弈模型,探讨了线性资费模式与二部制资费模式的竞争均衡及其演化.所得结论表明:在线性资费模式与二部制资费模式的竞争中,运营商的利润来源于月租费.月租费越高,二部制资费模式与线性资费模式的差别就越大,运营商所获利润就越大.而且看重未来利益,具有一定"耐心"的运营商会在资费模式选择上进行合作.以上特点使得线性资费模式与二部制资费模式的竞争演化为线性资费模式与"封顶制"二部制资费模式的竞争.     

基于拉姆塞定价模型的天津地铁价格定价研究

目前国内的地铁票价大多采取单一票价制或者计程票价制，虽然这在票价上体现了公平，但是，如果利用地铁票价的价格杠杆来引导客流，就可以进一步提高公共交通系统的效率，改善社会福利。研究认为，应用拉姆塞定价原理采用高峰定价法可以实现这种效果。此文从经典的最优拥挤定价理论出发，分析城市道路拥挤定价中的交通需求的变化和在拥挤定价条件下的交通需求预测问题，探讨拥挤定价的收费标准对出行方式选择和需求的弹性，为该高峰分时段定价政策的实施奠定理论基础。     

The effects of critical peak pricing for electricity demand management on home-based trip generation

This paper examines electricity critical peak pricing (CPP) as a measure for controlling electricity demand at critical peak times. This pricing scheme is designed to facilitate energy conservation not only inside but also outside the home. For this study, we surveyed consumer propensity to leave the home under CPP schemes and analyzed the impact of CPP on consumer cost. The results indicated that higher prices induce a higher rate of going out, while residential conditions such as population density and access to public transportation have a relatively small impact on leaving the home and average energy conservation. However, this is not always the case for aged households with limited mobility; residential conditions have a substantial effect on this segment of the population. Combined with a reduced ability to go out, electricity pricing has a greater negative impact on aged people. These results imply that improving accessibility through transportation development and urban compaction is an effective means of saving electricity alleviating the negative impact of CPP on the aged society of the future.