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交通拥挤收费不仅能缓解交通拥挤,还能通过收费使交通基础设施获得建设维护的部分资金,其合理性和必要性已经得到充分的论证,然而对于实施的一些基本问题,认识的还很不充分,也就对拥挤收费的实施造成了一些基本障碍。从交通拥挤收费实施的基本原则出发,对收费的基本方式、收费实施的影响因素和实施的策略等方面进行了研究,认识到交通拥挤收费不仅仅是一个技术性的问题,更是一个牵涉到政治、经济、文化和民众心理的问题,因此在实施的过程中必须考虑到收费的公平性、效益性和可持续性。在此基础上,对于目前我国一些城市实施交通拥挤收费的措施提出了一些中肯建议。 相似文献
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Recently, there has been a surge of interest in Tradable Credits (TC) as an alternative measure to manage the growth of personal car use. This paper summarises the results and methodologies of studies that have sought to anticipate the behavioural responses to several proposed TC schemes that target personal travel. In a critical reflection on this work and in an attempt to inspire future research, we argue that future empirical studies on TC behaviours can greatly benefit from insights from the fields of behavioural economics and cognitive psychology. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, we bring together behavioural concepts from these fields that are relevant in a TC decision-making context. Based on observations from current TC studies and the behavioural mechanisms identified in the second part of the paper, we propose promising directions for future research on understanding the impact of TC on personal car travel. 相似文献
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供应链企业间的关系管理是供应链管理的重点,而价格折扣是供应链企业间最常用的关系协调机制。文中用一个有一个供应商与多个经销商的供应链,假定了四种特殊关系,即:(1)横向(经销商之间)、纵向(与供应商)不合作;(2)横向不合作,纵向合作;(3)横向合作,纵向不合作;(4)横向合作,纵向合作。针对供应链企业之间的各种关系设计不同的价格折扣方案以满足供应链企业的利益最大化;对各种关系下的价格折扣方案进行比较,得到了不同关系下价格折扣率的取值范围。 相似文献
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物流产业中的活动主要是依靠物流网络采实现的,同时,物流产业的竞争又体现在物流企业的定价策略上,本文运用博弈论原理和方法,结合我国具体环境,建立了物流产业中非差异性的物流网络定价模型,在此基础上,对非差异性物流网络定价从经济学的角度进行了深入分析。最后,从政府的角度对物流产业的非差异性定价提出了建设性的建议。 相似文献
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The most frequently associated options in the physical shipping market are options to extend the charter period on time charters and additional shipment options on contracts of affreightment. The value of freight options, in practice, is estimated mostly by referring to forward curves. An option on freight has different properties from its financial counterparts, and the straightforward adoption of theoretical models does not produce promising results. In this paper, extension options, which have the property of options on futures, were transformed into regular European options before the application of the Black-Scholes model (BSM). The efficient market hypothesis, which justifies the parity of the performance of a long-term charter to that of repetitive short-term charters, worked as the basis for the transformation. The option values determined by the BSM were compared with actual realized values. Additionally, the artificial neural networks (ANN) was employed to derive the option values. This study is meaningful as the first-time application of both the closed-form solution and the ANN to the valuation of physical freight options. The research results can contribute to the quality of chartering decisions. The results could also be used in quantifying credit risk, as extension options tend to be granted to charterers with more creditability. 相似文献
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This paper extends the work on Pareto-improving hybrid rationing and pricing policy for general road networks by considering heterogeneous users with different values of time. Mathematical programming models are proposed to find a multiclass Pareto-improving pure road space rationing scheme (MPI-PR) and multiclass hybrid rationing and pricing schemes (MHPI and MHPI-S). A numerical example with a multimodal network is provided for comparing both the efficiency and equity of the three proposed policies. We discover that MHPI-S can achieve the largest reduction in total system delay, MHPI can induce the least spatial inequity and MHPI-S is a progressive policy which is appealing to policy makers. Furthermore, numerical results reveal that different classes of users react differently to the same hybrid policies and multiclass Pareto-improving hybrid schemes yield less delay reduction when compared to their single-class counterparts. 相似文献
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Andrew R. Fallon Di Jin William Phalen G. Gray Fitzsimons Christopher J. Hein 《Coastal management》2017,45(5):360-383
Coastal barrier systems around the world are experiencing higher rates of flooding and shoreline erosion. Property owners on barriers have made significant financial investments in physical protections that shield their nearby properties from these hazards, constituting a type of adaptation to shoreline change. Factors that contribute to adaptation on Plum Island, a developed beach and dune system on the North Shore of Massachusetts, are investigated here. Plum Island experiences patterns of shoreline change that may be representative of many inlet-associated beaches, encompassing an equivocal and dynamically shifting mix of erosion and accretion. In the face of episodic floods and fleeting erosive events, and driven by a combination of strong northeast storms and cycles of erosion and accretion, the value of the average Plum Island residence increases by 34% for properties on the oceanfront where protection comprises a publicly constructed soft structure. Even in the face of state policies that ostensibly discourage physical protection as a means of adaptation, coastal communities face significant political and financial pressures to maintain existing protective structures or to allow contiguous groups of property owners to build new ones through collective action. These factors mitigate against adapting to shoreline change by retreating from the coast, thereby potentially increasing the adverse effects of coastal hazards. 相似文献
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This paper analyzes a model of early morning traffic congestion, that is a special case of the model considered in Newell (1988). A fixed number of identical vehicles travel along a single-lane road of constant width from a common origin to a common destination, with LWR flow congestion and Greenshields’ Relation. Vehicles have a common work start time, late arrivals are not permitted, and trip cost is linear in travel time and time early. The paper explores traffic dynamics for the social optimum, in which total trip cost is minimized, and for the user optimum, in which no vehicle’s trip cost can be reduced by altering its departure time. Closed-form solutions for the social optimum and quasi-analytic solutions for the user optimum are presented, along with numerical examples, and it is shown that this model includes the bottleneck model (with no late arrivals) as a limit case where the length of the road shrinks to zero. 相似文献