Traffic problems in Southeast Asia featuring the case of Cambodia's traffic accidents involving motorcycles

This article provides the background to the special issue by reviewing the status of traffic problems in South East Asian countries, and in particular, the case of Cambodia. The “Make Roads Safe” report by the Commission for Global Road Safety (2011) confirms traffic accidents as the primary cause of youth mortality worldwide. Thus, the United Nations declared the decade from 2011 to 2020 as the “UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020”, promoting road safety and to reduce the number of deaths in road accidents by 2020. Furthermore, the “Sustainable Development Goals” adopted in 2015 highlight the important role of sustainable transport in tackling the exclusion of vulnerable groups. On the other hand, the World Health Organization in 2015 indicate an increase in the death rate due to traffic accidents in low-income countries since 2000. Traffic accidents were already recognized as a social problem before the 2000s in countries such as Thailand and the Philippines. At the same time, other ASEAN member states such as Vietnam and Cambodia which have experienced rapid economic growth since the 2000s are now experiencing the seriousness of traffic problems. It is said that 70% of road accidents in Thailand, Cambodia and Laos involve motorcycles and three-wheelers, but despite this situation, the regulatory framework for motorcycles remains undeveloped. In the case of Cambodia, speeding by young people remains the major cause of road deaths and this can be explained by the fact that people can now travel at a higher speed because of road developments but remaining challenges related to underdeveloped traffic legislation, and limited public awareness and knowledge of road safety are overlooked. In 2010, the Cambodian National Road Safety Action Plan 2010–2020 was drafted, aiming to halve the number of deaths in traffic accidents in 2020. However, in reality, the number of road deaths did not decrease to the level anticipated in the action plan until 2016. In this article, the authors emphasize the importance of implementing the “three Es” namely Engineering, Enforcement and Education in developing countries such as Cambodia. In particular, the authors claim that the role of education to increase people's road safety awareness is neglected compared to the other two dimensions and thus, it is highly important to raise people's road safety awareness through education among the young people.     

青藏铁路修筑后次生不良冻土现象的特征及发展趋势

青藏铁路的修建会形成次生不良冻土现象,次生不良冻土现象会对铁路产生诸多危害。研究青藏铁路修筑以后次生不良冻土现象的特征及发展趋势意义重大。对青藏铁路沿线不同类型的次生不良冻土现象进行调查研究,研究青藏铁路修筑以后次生不良冻土现象产生的机理、发育特征及发展趋势。查明对青藏铁路有直接或潜在威胁的次生不良冻土现象18处,其中与路基有关的次生不良冻土现象较少;与桥梁有关的次生不良冻土现象,主要是桥下形成冰椎、冰幔等;与涵洞有关的次生不良冻土现象,主要有涵洞下沉等。研究表明:未来气温升高导致多年冻土上限附近地下冰大量融化,将会产生诸多次生不良冻土病害,影响铁路的正常运营。     

Line haul interstation spacing for low cost feeder modes

The choice behaviour of low cost travel (LCT) modes is very sensitive to travel distance. A line haul system designed on the basis of current planning practice of locating widely spaced stations to cater auto and bus feeder modes with the primary objective of gaining travel speed is hostile to non‐motorized and low cost feeder modes. With the revival of interest in promoting the use of walk'n ride and bike'n ride modes, there is a need to develop an appropriate tool to examine the effect of their specific characteristics in establishing the number and location of stations.

A generic normative behavioural hybrid model for locating the cost minimizing number and location of stations is developed for an LCT‐fed line haul system. The model considers the system with many to many two dimensional line haul demand density function in which the density varies in both x‐ and y‐directions. The feeder mode choice behaviour is incorporated in the model by integrating probability‐access/egress distance function with the objective function. Explicit functional relationships among the parameters of these feeder modes such as modal share as a function of access/egress distance with the parameters of line haul systems are developed. Dynamic programming is used to minimize the system cost. The generic model is shown to collapse into several simplified models capable of yielding approximate solutions for several well known special cases. It has been shown that location of stations is sensitive to the through load on board as well as users’ cost that defines the choice behaviour at large. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the model.     

我国可降解塑料快餐餐具的研究现状与发展方向

一次性塑料餐具的大量使用给环境造成越来越大的危害，已引起全社会的关注。本文根据我国国情描述了降解餐具的研究背景、研究现状，并指出降解塑料餐具在技术开发、生产应用等领域的发展方向。     

Cities on the move – Ten years after

The World Bank urban transport strategy review, “Cities on the Move” analyzed urban transport problems in developing and transitional economies and articulated a proposed strategy framework for national and city governments. This paper describes how the urban transport problems of the developing world have changed in the last decade and assesses the extent to which the strategies recommended in 2002 have been successfully implemented. It shows that progress has been widespread in some areas – particularly in mass transit analysis and investment and some environmental policies – and that there have developed some good planning and public transport practices in a smaller number of model cities. But more strategic institutional and policy issues, including the mobilization and regulation of private sector initiative in meeting infrastructure and public transport supply deficiencies, have tended to be poorly developed. Above all, the growth of medium sized cities with weak institutions and finance highlights the need for the international development institutions to put greater emphasis on helping those cities by dissemination of best practice in strategic transport planning and traffic management.     

国产压路机发展方向与设计创新

针对目前国内压路机行业存在的问题，结合国外企业的发展，提出了国产压路机的发展方向，并从设计思想、市场导向、方案选择、技术创新等方向提出了有价值的建议，为压路机企业的发展提出了方向。     

辽宁省港口群的组合与发展战略研究

从目前港口在建设和经营中存在的问题入手,阐述了组合港产生的必要性和必然性.论述了构建辽宁省港口群组合发展的"差异化协调发展模式",形成以大连、营口、丹东、锦州等港口的层次分明、功能互补的总体构架,提出了适应辽宁省港口群的组合与发展的若干建议.     

汽车空气悬架系统综述

文章阐述了汽车空气悬架的结构类型和工作原理,汽车空气悬架的特性（可变刚度、低固有频率、准等频特性）,汽车空气悬架的优缺点以及汽车空气悬架的发展趋势．     

交通需求管理与可持续发展

讨论了交通对可持续发展的影响以及交通需求管理如何达到可持续发展的目标。     

我国综合运输体系发展趋势分析

分析了我国综合运输体系的发展趋势。