前苏联铁路冷藏车

介绍前苏联铁路加冰冷藏车、机械冷藏车组、单节式机械冷藏车及保温车的研制、生产和发展历程。     

100-years-changes in the phytoplankton community of Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea)

Literature data from 1905/06, 1912/13 and 1949/50 were compared with recent data (2001–2003) from Kiel Bight in order to investigate changes in phytoplankton composition and biomass, which may serve as indicators of environmental changes. In terms of biomass, diatomophyceae and dinophyceae are by far the most important groups. Their ratio is still close to unity. The share of diatomophyceae increased strongly in years with exceptionally high summer blooms (2001) or exceptionally early spring blooms (2003). The summer and autumn blooms of Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, detected in the early 20th century, are replaced by other diatoms (Cerataulina pelagica, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Proboscia alata, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). Chaetoceros and Skeletonema are still important components of the spring blooms. Now as before, the autumn blooms are dominated by Ceratium spp., sometimes also by diatoms. Newly appearing bloom-forming species are mostly potentially toxic (Dictyocha speculum, Prorocentrum minimum, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). The total phytoplankton biomass has roughly doubled in the course of the last century. The reference condition for phytoplankton biomass in Kiel Bight in the sense of the Water Framework Directive was defined at 55 mg C m^− 3 (± 10%, annual mean). The mean annual biomass of diatomophyceae and dinophyceae was 25 mg C m^− 3 (± 40%) for each, indicating that the sum of their carbon biomass amounted to 90% (± 10%) of the total phytoplankton biomass on an annual average. Diatomophyceae represented at least 80% of carbon biomass in the spring bloom peak at the beginning of the 20th century.     

欧盟海事立法研究

文章介绍了欧盟海事立法的产生、程序、框架和主要内容，分析了欧盟海事立法对国际海事立法的影响，提出了我国应当采取的对策。     

欧美汽车市场准入管理方式的融合

近年来欧盟在汽车产品型式批准制度变革的过程中,开始大量采用美国自我认证的要素。文章分别介绍了欧美的2种认证制度,通过对欧盟汽车产品型式批准技术指令2010年的修订情况介绍,阐述了欧美汽车产品市场准入管理方式上日益融合这一发展趋势,有助于我国出口企业了解国际汽车产品准入管理制度最新发展情况,更好地开拓国际汽车市场。     

Exploring key determinants of travel satisfaction for multi-modal trips by different traveler groups

Using a primary dataset from an experimental survey in eight European cities, this study identified the key determinants of satisfaction with individual trip stages as well as overall journey experience for different travel modes and traveler groups. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to examine the relationships between overall satisfaction and travel experience variables, trip complexity, subjective well-being indices, travel-related attitudes as well as individual- and trip-specific attributes. The results indicate that for certain traveler groups, such as women, young and low-income or unemployed travelers, there are distinctive determinants of satisfaction with trip stages for various travel modes. The results also indicate that satisfaction with the primary trip stage is strongly linked to overall trip satisfaction, while satisfaction levels with access and egress trip stages are strongly related to satisfaction with the primary trip stage. Past experience, traveler expectations and attitudes, and the emotional state of travelers are also significant explanatory variables for travel satisfaction. The results indicate that when an individual consciously chooses a particular travel mode, they will report a higher level of satisfaction with that chosen mode. Notwithstanding, while past experience highly influences an individual’s current travel satisfaction, the more they travel with the current mode, the less satisfied they are with their choice. The results of this study highlight the importance of gaining a better understanding of the interaction between instrumental variables and non-instrumental variables at different trip stages and the influence on user preferences, satisfaction and decision-making processes.     

Comparing and presenting city-level transportation CO2 emissions using GIS

In 2011, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) inventory of diffuse emissions became available, providing data on a range of atmospheric emissions at a 5 km resolution across Europe. The data are produced from spatially disaggregated emissions totals for countries, and must be validated before being used at a sub-national level. The UK government maintains a 1 km resolution emissions inventory based on a bottom-up methodology by which a validation is possible. The UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory data are used to assess at what geographic scale the new E-PRTR data might be most useful. This paper compares the two data sets and estimates city-level transportation CO₂ emissions for 149 EU cities. We find that at a functional boundary level the two datasets match well.     

欧洲天文学在清代社会中的影响

在中国古代,天文学一直是由皇家垄断的。这种垄断局面直到明代后期才开始被打破,而进入清代之后,随着西方天文学在清代取得官方地位,局面发生了剧烈的、彻底的改变。这一改变对清代中国的政治、哲学、科学、文化等方面的影响,值得深入探讨。清代在最重要的政治象征———历法和皇家天学———上改用欧洲天文学,为此还发生了激烈的争论。天文学又成为清代上层社会的一种时髦,民间的天文学研究也受到官方鼓励。中国一度非常接近欧洲的天文学前沿,但中国天文学最终未能继续前进,则主要是内部的原因。     

全球卫星导航系统的构成及其比较

介绍了全球卫星定位系统、格洛纳斯卫星定位系统、伽利略卫星定位系统和北斗卫星定位系统的构成、优势等基础上,论述了各系统在技术上的比较。     

欧盟可持续交通系统研究综述

对过去15年欧盟进行的交通系统可持续性研究进行了回顾,明确了不足之处并详细阐述了未来的发展方向。介绍了可持续发展和可持续交通系统的概念,指出研究重点要实现影响因素指标的量化,使可持续交通系统评估具有可操作性。探讨了评估可持续交通系统的绝对尺度和相对尺度,利用实例对二者的评估作用进行了对比。通过回顾欧盟在可持续交通方面进行的第4次、第5次和第6次框架计划研究,指出未来的研究方向是以绩效指标为基础,改进现有评估系统或发展创新性的评估系统,以检测欧盟交通系统的可持续性。     

21世纪欧盟海事综合政策的管理框架解析

为直面21世纪的全球化竞争、气候变化、海洋环境和海上安保、能源安全和可持续发展等挑战，欧盟委员会在各成员国为期一年的专题磋商和分析之后，于2007年10月颁布了欧盟海事综合政策，以确保海洋资源的综合管理。文中从根本原则，基本理论和最终目标，主要内容这三方面，对21世纪欧盟海事综合政策的管理框架进行详细全面的阐述.