关于欧盟铁路支持政策的研究

研究目的：通过对欧盟经济政策、共同运输政策、铁路运输政策的研究，从欧洲经济一体化过程向经济融合、政治融合和社会融合的发展观点，分析欧盟运输政策，尤其是铁路运输政策对可持续运输发展战略和多种运输模式的协调发展起着关键的作用。随着欧盟的经济政策不断向前发展，特别是欧盟地区政策通过财政援助和建设项目安排，促进成员国地区之间的经济结构调整，加快了经济一体化进程。研究结论：欧盟的共同运输政策旨在消除各种限制，协调各国的运输，而振兴铁路是实现各种运输方式平衡发展的一个关键因素。欧盟有关铁路运输政策基本以立法的形式固定下来，要求各成员国转变为各自的法律形式。多年来，欧盟围绕建立欧洲铁路统一市场的目标，加强了欧盟铁路的通用性，进一步开放了铁路运输市场，努力建立统一的欧洲铁路体系。欧共体铁路主要通过公共预算、私人投资、公路运输收费、外部成本内部化等方式进行融资，从而实现运输业的利益最大化。     

对欧盟摩托车技术指令的解读

欧洲联盟是目前世界上发展最完善的汽车、摩托车一体化市场,欧盟政府制定发布了统一的汽车、摩托车技术指令,并依据这些指令对汽车、摩托车产品实施统一的型式批准制度,但在具体实施上,仍由欧盟各个成员国主管机关自行运作,这样势必造成不同的成员国对技术指令的解读和实施尺度上产生差异,为此欧盟各成员国主管机关定期召开协调会议,就技术指令的理解和实施统一认识。     

欧盟未来道路运输政策解析及启示

为研究新技术驱动下未来道路运输政策的变化,为我国新时期建设交通强国的科学决策提供支撑,通过实证分析等方法,选取欧盟道路运输业开展研究。从驱动道路运输转型发展的要素、未来道路运输转型发展的影响因素、新技术推动道路运输变革产生的经济社会影响等三个方面,阐述了欧盟未来道路运输业的变革和政策变化。在此基础上,根据我国交通运输发展实际,对行业管理提出建议,认为应及时跟踪国外有关“未来交通运输”的研究及技术部署;尽快建立与新技术、新业态相配套的交通运输法律法规、政策制度及监管体系;在未来的交通运输治理中加强公众参与,同时充分发挥科研机构、学（协）会等行业组织、企业等的作用。     

Does tourism degrade environmental quality? A comparative study of Eastern and Western European Union

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of tourism on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Eastern and Western European Union (EU) countries by incorporating FDI and trade in the production and CO₂ emission functions. We apply panel econometric techniques which account for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. The results of Westerlund panel cointegration test confirm a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Results from long-run elasticities suggest that tourism stimulates economic growth in Eastern and Western EU countries. However, tourism increases CO₂ emissions in Eastern EU but decreases in Western EU. This indicates that tourism has an adverse effect on the environment in Eastern EU. Finally, short-run heterogeneous panel causality test results suggest that tourism causes CO₂ emissions in Eastern EU while economic growth and CO₂ emissions cause tourism in Western EU. Overall, our findings suggest that tourism plays an important role in accelerating economic growth; however, its role on CO₂ emissions largely depends on the adaptation of sustainable tourism policies and efficient management.     

The trophic state of the Baltic Sea a century ago: a model simulation study

We apply a 3-D circulation model with a biogeochemical module (ERGOM) for the simulation of trophic conditions in the Baltic Sea a century ago. One aim is to provide reference or background data for nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll, which is required for the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). We assume that the situation a century ago serves this purpose well. Model input for this long-term simulation study are the regionally differentiated riverine and atmospheric nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea, which were compiled and calculated for a situation 100 years ago on the basis of various literature sources. For the mixed surface layer of the open Baltic Sea, we suggest maximum winter concentrations for dissolved phosphorus (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) of 0.23–0.35 (2.7–3.7) mmol/m³. Maximum chlorophyll-a concentrations are between 1.8 and 2.4 mg/m³. The concentrations of all parameters for different coastal waters vary in a wide range, depending on exposure to nutrient sources. Our nutrient concentrations for the situation a century ago are close to early measured data (1950–1960) and suggest that this data is suitable as reference data, as well.     

100-years-changes in the phytoplankton community of Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea)

Literature data from 1905/06, 1912/13 and 1949/50 were compared with recent data (2001–2003) from Kiel Bight in order to investigate changes in phytoplankton composition and biomass, which may serve as indicators of environmental changes. In terms of biomass, diatomophyceae and dinophyceae are by far the most important groups. Their ratio is still close to unity. The share of diatomophyceae increased strongly in years with exceptionally high summer blooms (2001) or exceptionally early spring blooms (2003). The summer and autumn blooms of Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, detected in the early 20th century, are replaced by other diatoms (Cerataulina pelagica, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Proboscia alata, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). Chaetoceros and Skeletonema are still important components of the spring blooms. Now as before, the autumn blooms are dominated by Ceratium spp., sometimes also by diatoms. Newly appearing bloom-forming species are mostly potentially toxic (Dictyocha speculum, Prorocentrum minimum, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). The total phytoplankton biomass has roughly doubled in the course of the last century. The reference condition for phytoplankton biomass in Kiel Bight in the sense of the Water Framework Directive was defined at 55 mg C m^− 3 (± 10%, annual mean). The mean annual biomass of diatomophyceae and dinophyceae was 25 mg C m^− 3 (± 40%) for each, indicating that the sum of their carbon biomass amounted to 90% (± 10%) of the total phytoplankton biomass on an annual average. Diatomophyceae represented at least 80% of carbon biomass in the spring bloom peak at the beginning of the 20th century.     

欧盟海事立法研究

文章介绍了欧盟海事立法的产生、程序、框架和主要内容，分析了欧盟海事立法对国际海事立法的影响，提出了我国应当采取的对策。     

ABSTRACT

The initiatives of AHELO （Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes）, FQT （Fostering Quality Teaching in HEIs） and U-Multirank （Multidimensional Global University Ranking） promoted by OECD （Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development） and EU in recent years provide all-around assessment for the higher education quality at the levels of student, faculty and institution, which reflect the latest philosophy, criteria and methodology of the global higher educational reform and quality assurance. Appropriately participating in due course will facilitate the quality-improvement-oriented development of higher education in China. Based on the study of substantial content and latest development of AHELO, FQT and U-Multirank, this paper gives pros and cons of these initiatives, and offers proposals for participation.     

A methodology for classification by priority for action: Selecting road stretches for network noise action plans

Road traffic noise is an element of outstanding importance within the overall context of environmental impact. This problem must be technically addressed from an efficient viewpoint, and solutions or alternatives should be considered by means of appropriate and consolidated procedures.Up to now, there is no regulated guideline for establishing well-founded priorities when dealing with the diverse road stretches included in the corresponding Action Plans against noise under the Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC). To this end, the present study proposes a methodology to sort, by priority, road stretches identified by their noise problems and therefore requiring appropriate action. The methodology is based on the so-called “road stretch priority index” (henceforth referred to as RSPI). This index involves a number of variables (called “road stretch priority variables”) that are weighted according to their influence on the road traffic noise problem. Thus, the RSPI makes it possible to prioritize different stretches of the Action Plan. To illustrate the application of the proposed methodology, this paper also describes a real case entailing a difficult choice, applying the proposed methodology to a review of the Action Plan against Noise 2008–2012 in the province of Almería, for the road network of the regional government of Andalusia, Spain.     

21世纪欧盟海事综合政策的管理框架解析

为直面21世纪的全球化竞争、气候变化、海洋环境和海上安保、能源安全和可持续发展等挑战，欧盟委员会在各成员国为期一年的专题磋商和分析之后，于2007年10月颁布了欧盟海事综合政策，以确保海洋资源的综合管理。文中从根本原则，基本理论和最终目标，主要内容这三方面，对21世纪欧盟海事综合政策的管理框架进行详细全面的阐述.