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101.
Identification of optimal sites for the isolation of waste on the abyssal seafloor was performed with two approaches: by the traditional method of map overlays of relevant attributes, and by a specially developed, automated Site-Selection Model (SSM). Five initial, Surrogate Sites, identified with the map-overlay approach, were then compared with the more rigorously produced scores from the SSM. The SSM, a process for optimization of site locations, accepts subjective, expert-based judgments and transforms them into a quantitative, reproducible, and documented product. The SSM is adaptable to any siting scenario. Forty-one factors relevant to the isolation scenario, including 21 weightable factors having a total of 123 scorable categories, have been entered into the SSM. Factors are grouped under project definition, unique environments, anthropogenic, geologic, biologic, weather, oceanographic and distance criteria. The factor scores are linked to a georeferenced database array of all factors, corresponding to 1°×1° latitude–longitude squares. The SSM includes a total of 2241 one-degree squares within 1000 n.m. of the U.S. coasts, including the western North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the eastern North Pacific. Under a carefully weighted and scored scenario of isolation, the most favorable sites identified with the SSM are on the Hatteras and Nares Abyssal Plains in the Atlantic. High-scoring sites are also located in the Pacific abyssal hills province between the Murray and Molokai Fracture Zones. Acceptable 1° squares in the Gulf of Mexico are few and of lower quality, with the optimum location on the northern Sigsbee Abyssal Plain. Two of the five Surrogate Site locations, on the Hatteras and Sigsbee Abyssal Plains, correspond to the best SSM sites in each ocean area. Two Pacific and a second Atlantic Surrogate Site are located in low-scoring regions or excluded by the SSM. Site-selection results from the SSM, although robust, are an initial attempt to quantify the site-selection process. The SSM database exposes a significant lack of high-quality information for many areally mappable attributes on the abyssal seafloor, particularly bottom-current speed and measures of biologic productivity and flux. Terminologies and classifications of some measures, such as sediment types, suffer from parochialism and vary by ocean. Considerable research is needed even for a broad understanding of the environmental measures required to make sound societal decisions about use of the abyssal seafloor for disposal or other purposes. 相似文献
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103.
Management of coastal eutrophication: Integration of field data, ecosystem-scale simulations and screening models 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
A.M. Nobre J.G. Ferreira A. Newton T. Simas J.D. Icely R. Neves 《Journal of Marine Systems》2005,56(3-4):375-390
A hybrid approach for eutrophication assessment in estuarine and coastal ecosystems is presented. The ASSETS screening model (http://www.eutro.org) classifies eutrophication status into five classes: High (better), Good, Moderate, Poor and Bad (worse). This model was applied to a dataset from a shallow coastal barrier island system in southwest Europe (Ria Formosa), with a resulting score of Good. A detailed dynamic model was developed for this ecosystem, and the outputs were used to drive the screening model. Four scenarios were run on the research model: pristine, standard (simulates present loading), half and double the current nutrient loading. The Ria Formosa has a short water residence time and eutrophication symptoms are not apparent in the water column. However, benthic symptoms are expressed as excessive macroalgal growth and strong dissolved oxygen fluctuations in the tide pools. The standard simulation results showed an ASSETS grade identical to the field data application. The application of the screening model to the other scenario outputs showed the responsiveness of ASSETS to changes in pressure, state and response, scoring a grade of High under pristine conditions, Good for half the standard scenario and Moderate for double the present loadings. The use of this hybrid approach allows managers to test the outcome of measures against a set of well-defined metrics for the evaluation of state. It additionally provides a way of testing and improving the pressure component of ASSETS. Sensitivity analysis revealed that sub-sampling the output of the research model at a monthly scale, typical for the acquisition of field data, may significantly affect the outcome of the screening model, by overlooking extreme events such as occasional night-time anoxia in tide pools. 相似文献
104.
地下工程建设对城市地下水环境的影响分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究目的:研究地下工程在施工和运营的过程中对地下水环境的影响,为地下工程的建设规划及地下水环境保护提供科学依据。研究结果:在总结地下工程建设对地下水环境影响基础上,以西安市城市轨道交通2号线为例,利用经验公式计算施工期车站基坑降水对地下水的影响,并采用数值模拟的方法预测地铁运营后对地下水流场的影响。地铁施工期的基坑降水只发生在张家堡站,中心水位下降6.3m,降水量为10454.15m^3/d,影响半径441m,对地下水流将产生一定的影响;地铁建成运营以后的地铁线路阻挡了地下水的径流,造成“迎水面”水位壅高,“背水面”水位降低,通过模拟水位变幅在0~1.7m。 相似文献
105.
《国际安全与环境无害化拆船公约》制定进展与对我国的影响分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
文中分析了《国际安全与环境无害化拆船公约草案》的制定背景与进展,简要介绍了公约的内容与基本要求,介绍了国内拆船业的现状,在此基础上分析了公约生效后对我国相关行业可能产生的影响,并提出了我国在公约后续制定过程中所应采取的态度建议。 相似文献
106.
Geoffrey A. Boxshall 《Journal of Marine Systems》1998,15(1-4)
Parasitic copepods belonging to two orders, Siphonostomatoida and Poecilostomatoida, are frequently reported from fish hosts in the deep sea. Three families of copepods are most commonly encountered, Sphyriidae, Lernaeopodidae and Chondracanthidae, but members of another four families, Hatschekiidae, Pennellidae, Philichthyidae and Hyponeoidae, are occasionally recorded. These parasites utilise various deep demersal fishes as hosts, especially species of the most abundant families, Macrouridae, Moridae, Synaphobranchidae and Alepocephalidae. Host specificity levels are variable, as for shallow-water fishes. In contrast, few parasites are regularly reported from fishes inhabiting the pelagic water column away from the bottom and away from the near-surface zone. Only the pennellids Sarcotretes scopeli and Cardiodectes medusaeus appear common on pelagic fishes, in the Atlantic and Pacific respectively. Host specificity levels in these two pennellid species are relatively low. It is speculated that the difficulty of encountering a host in the vast pelagic biome has restricted the diversity of parasitic copepods that have successfully colonized pelagic fishes. 相似文献
107.
108.
在层次分析法(AHP)、专家调查法和模糊决策理论的基础上,提出沿海通航环境系统多层次,多指标模糊决策理论模型,并将其应用于南北航线江苏海域通航环境安全评价的实际问题中,认为影响其船舶航行安全的主要因素是交通流量和航道,提出相应的改进措施。 相似文献
109.
110.
构建压力—状态—响应框架模型。对于可定量分析的指标,采用实地监测的方法来获取,对于定性描述的指标,采用专家咨询和分级打分的方法来获取。得到各个评价因子的数值后,采用层次分析法(AHP)来确定各个影响因子的权值,最后加权平均。以崇启高速公路施工期和营运期为例,对生态环境进行分析和评价。 相似文献