The Gothenburg congestion charge. Effects,design and politics

This paper summarizes the traffic effects of the Gothenburg congestion charges introduced in 2013. The system is similar to the system introduced in Stockholm in 2006; both are designed as time-of-day dependent cordon pricing systems. We find that many effects and adaptation strategies are similar to those found in Stockholm, indicating a high transferability between smaller and larger cities with substantial differences in public transport use. However, there are also important differences regarding some of the effects, the accuracy of the model forecasts and public support arising from different topologies, public transport use, congestion levels and main objectives communicated to the public. Finally, the Gothenburg case suggests that whether congestion charges are introduced or not depends on the support among the political parties, and that this is determined primarily by the prevailing institutional setting and power over revenues, and to a lower extent by the public support, and benefits from congestion reduction.     

Application of Lagrangian relaxation approach to α-reliable path finding in stochastic networks with correlated link travel times

This study investigates the important problem of determining a reliable path in a stochastic network with correlated link travel times. First, the distribution of path travel time is quantified by using trip records from GPS probe vehicles. Second, the spatial correlation of link travel time is explicitly considered by using a correlation coefficient matrix, which is incorporated into the α-reliable path problem by Cholesky decomposition. Third, the Lagrangian relaxation based framework is used to handle the α-reliable path problem, by which the intractable problem with a non-linear and non-additive structure can be decomposed into several easy-to-solve problems. Finally, the path-finding performance of this approach is tested on a real-world network. The results show that 15 iterations of calculation can yield a small relative gap between upper and lower bounds of the optimal solution and the average running time is about 5 s for most OD settings. The applicability of α-reliable path finding is validated by a case study.     

Planning hierarchical urban transit systems for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions

Public transit systems with high occupancy can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to low-occupancy transportation modes, but current transit systems have not been designed to reduce environmental impacts. This motivates the study of the benefits of design and operational approaches for reducing the environmental impacts of transit systems. For example, transit agencies may replace level-of-service (LOS) by vehicle miles traveled (VMT) as a criterion in evaluating design and operational changes. In previous work, we explored the unintended consequences of lowering transit LOS on emissions in a single-technology transit system. Herein, we extend the analysis to account for a more realistic case: a transit system with a hierarchical structure (trunk and feeder lines) providing service to a city where demand is elastic. By considering the interactions between the trunk and the feeder systems, we provide a quantitative basis for designing and operating integrated urban transit systems that can reduce GHG emissions and societal costs. We find that highly elastic transit demand may cancel emission reduction potentials resulting from lowering LOS, due to demand shifts to lower occupancy vehicles. However, for mass transit modes, these potentials are still significant. Transit networks with buses, bus rapid transit or light rail as trunk modes should be designed and operated near the cost-optimal point when the demand is highly elastic, while this is not required for metro. We find that the potential for unintended consequences increases with the size of the city. Our results are robust to uncertainties in the costs and emissions parameters.     

A path-based flow formulation for the traffic assignment problem

In order to improve cooperation between traffic management and travelers, traffic assignment is the key component to achieve the objectives of both traffic management and route choice decisions for travelers. Traffic assignment can be classified into two models based on the behavioral assumptions governing route choices: User Equilibrium (UE) and System Optimum (SO) traffic assignment. According to UE and SO traffic assignment, travelers usually compete to choose the least cost routes to minimize their own travel costs, while SO traffic assignment requires travelers to work cooperatively to minimize overall cost in the road network. Thus, the paradox of benefits between UE and SO indicates that both are not practical. Thus, a solution technique needs to be proposed to balance UE and SO models, which can compromise both sides and give more feasible traffic assignments. In this paper, Stackelberg game theory is introduced to the traffic assignment problem, which can achieve the trade-off process between traffic management and travelers. Since traditional traffic assignments have low convergence rates, the gradient projection algorithm is proposed to improve efficiency.     

A zonal inference model based on observed smart-card transactions for Santiago de Chile

The collection of origin–destination data for a city is an important but often costly task. This way, there is a need to develop more efficient and inexpensive methods of collecting information about citizens’ travel patterns. In this line, this paper presents a generic methodology that allows to infer the origin and destination zones for an observed trip between two public transport stops (i.e., bus stops or metro stations) using socio-economic, land use, and network information. The proposed zonal inference model follows a disaggregated Logit approach including size variables. The model enables the estimation of a zonal origin–destination matrix for a city, if trip information passively collected by a smart-card payment system is available (in form of a stop-to-stop matrix). The methodology is applied to the Santiago de Chile’s morning peak period, with the purpose of serving as input for a public transport planning computational tool. To estimate the model, information was gathered from different sources and processed into a unified framework; data included a survey conducted at public transport stops, land use information, and a stop-to-stop trip matrix. Additionally, a zonal system with 1176 zones was constructed for the city, including the definition of its access links and associated distances. Our results shows that, ceteris paribus, zones with high numbers of housing units have higher probabilities of being the origin of a morning peak trip. Likewise, health facilities, educational, residential, commercial, and offices centres have significant attraction powers during this period. In this sense, our model manages to capture the expected effects of land use on trip generation and attraction. This study has numerous policy implications, as the information obtained can be used to predict the impacts of changes in the public transport network (such as extending routes, relocating their stops, designing new routes or changing the fare structure). Further research is needed to improve the zonal inference formulation and origin–destination matrix estimation, mainly by including better cost measures, and dealing with survey and data limitations.     

三相不平衡度算法的比较研究

  目的  船舶照明配电三相平衡设计是照明系统设计中的重要工作,为提高三相平衡设计的效率和精度,提出基于改进模拟退火（SA）算法的三相平衡优化设计方法。  方法  首先,归纳下级照明分配电箱和上级配电板这2个级别的三相平衡设计最优化模型;然后,对模拟退火算法产生新解的过程进行改进,进而将其用于求解船舶照明分配电箱和配电板的三相平衡设计;最后,采用Matlab平台进行实船验证。  结果  结果表明,采用该方法可以在1 s以内完成4个分配电箱及上级配电板的三相平衡优化设计。  结论  所提方法可用于代替传统照明配电设计中负载三相分配的繁重工作,提高照明系统设计效率。     

基于DEA的公路建设有效性纵向评价

应用DEA方法中的C2R模型和C2GS2模型, 以内蒙古地区2000~2008年9个年度作为决策单元, 提出了适合DEA方法的公路建设输入输出指标, 对内蒙古地区9年的公路建设情况进行了整体有效性、技术有效性和投影测度分析, 并提出了相关改善措施。分析结果表明: 内蒙古地区在2004年和2008年两年整体有效, 达到投入产出的最佳组合; 其他年份规模收益递增, 继续增加投入可得到更大的产出; 9年内仍有2003、2006、2007年技术无效, 内蒙古地区在加大公路建设投入的同时要加强管理, 注重技术引进和应用。     

虚拟企业选择联盟伙伴的灰色综合评价法

世界统一市场的形成与激烈的市场竞争,使得因特网环境下企业的组织模式应该为虚拟企业,全面分析了虚拟企业的组织结构,随后运用灰色系统理论,提出了一个虚拟企业选择联盟伙伴的灰色综合评价的方法,并且给出实例说明其应用,结果表明该方法简便、合理、实用.     

基于空间特性的行李跟随系统的车辆调度方法

为了提高车辆配送初始解获得的效率, 在不确定条件下, 研究了上海世博会行李跟随系统需求点的空间特性, 提出了基于空间特性的车辆调度方法, 建立了需求点的空间特性SLINK聚类分析方法和聚类分析结果评估方法。计算结果表明: 在需求点群聚状态下, 采用基于空间特性的聚类分析法的调度初始解总距离为583, 而传统SWEEP扫描法的调度初始解总距离为595, 因此, 在对车辆调度问题进行求解时, 对需求点的空间分布特性进行分析有助于不确定环境下车辆调度问题的最终求解。     

我国商业银行信息化建设研究综述

我国商业银行信息化建设已走过近20年的路程,在取得巨大业绩的同时也存在若干不足之处．文章在总结我国商业银行信息化建设经验的基础上,对其信息化建设的现状进行了深入的分析,同时指出了我国商业银行信息化建设的总体规划方向,以期大幅度提高我国商业银行的信息化建设绩效。