Increasing urban tram system efficiency,with battery storage and electric vehicle charging

This paper examines the possible placement of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) on an urban tram system for the purpose of exploring potential increases in operating efficiency through the examination of different locations for battery energy storage. Further, the paper suggests the utilisation of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries at existing Park and Ride (P&R) sites as a means of achieving additional energy storage at these locations. The study achieves this through MATLAB modelling utilising captured GPS data and publically available information. This study examines the scenario of uni-directional substations with no interconnection between the overhead catenary for both directions of travel, and discusses the trade-offs between ESS size and required current limits.The results show the savings in both energy and basic CO₂ emissions alongside the discussion of Return on Investment (RoI) that can be achieved through the potential installation of ESS at identified ideal locations along the tram network. Moreover, this may be extended to the use of EVs as stationary ESS sited at the existing P&R facilities. Further, the model may also be used to inform future infrastructure upgrades and potential improvements to air quality within urban environments.     

基于降低船舶EEDI指数的水力旋流器设计

为有效控制海洋环境的污染问题,减少国际航运业以及造船业对全球环境恶化以及气候变暖问题带来的影响,IMO正在积极推出包括新造船能效设计指数在内的一系列举措。本文在满足压载水排放要求的前提下,清除压载水中的含沙量以减少压载水的重量,既减少船舶总吨,减少能源消耗,达到节能效果。     

风帆助航技术实船应用的若干思考

首先分析了风帆助航装置应用在远洋船舶上的技术要求,通过对海洋风能资源特点、风帆的选择及其控制、船舶稳性校核、风帆助航装置的操纵和维护管理等问题的分析,风帆助航技术在远洋船舶上的应用被证明是可行的,它将成为船舶节能减排的重要措施,其推广应用对我国航运业的可持续发展将有着积极的意义。     

运输企业能效管理评价体系的探索与研究

文章以道路运输企业为例,分析了目前运输企业能效管理的必要性,并就能效管理的评价体系构建进行研究,具有一定的指导意义。     

基于ECMS和Radau伪谱拼接法的多模式HEV能量管理策略优化

为解决现有能量管理策略在评估多模式混合动力汽车燃油经济性时易出现模式切换、发动机起停和离合器分离与接合过于频繁的问题,针对串并联式PHEV混合动力系统,通过等效燃油消耗最小策略(ECMS)确定全球统一轻型车辆测试循环(WLTC)工况下的模式切换序列,并基于该结果,应用Radau伪谱拼接法(RPKM)求解最优模式切换时刻...     

Real-time energy consumption minimization in railway networks

A new timetable must be calculated in real-time when train operations are perturbed. Although energy consumption is becoming a central issue both from the environmental and economic perspective, it is usually neglected in the timetable recalculation. In this paper, we formalize the real-time Energy Consumption Minimization Problem (rtECMP). It finds in real-time the driving regime combination for each train that minimizes energy consumption, respecting given routing and precedences between trains. In the possible driving regime combinations, train routes are split in subsections for which one of the regimes resulting from the Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle is to be chosen. We model the trade-off between minimizing energy consumption and total delay by considering as objective function their weighted sum. We propose an algorithm to solve the rtECMP, based on the solution of a mixed-integer linear programming model. We test this algorithm on the Pierrefitte-Gonesse control area, which is a critical area in France with dense mixed traffic. The results show that the problem is tractable and an optimal solution of the model tackled can often be found in real-time for most instances.     

Assessing the financial value of real-time energy trading services for privately owned non-commercial electric vehicles

Real-time energy trading services for privately owned non-commercial electric vehicles are characterized by an e-vehicle provider, by a provider of energy trading skills and technology, and by the fact that the latter manages (dis-)charging of the e-vehicle of the former with real-time energy prices. We conduct a simulation study to present a comprehensive assessment of the financial value of such services. Such an assessment is required in order to provide policymakers with guidance on if and how real-time trading services can serve as a tool to incentivize e-vehicle ownership. We propose a fully reproducible simulation model of the value creation process of real-time trading services, and use the model to assess services with a range of e-vehicle provider characteristics as well as with a range of technology setups. Our empirical results show that all considered real-time trading services are able to create significant energy cost savings, and that overall cost savings strongly depend on technology characteristics, surcharge rate, as well as on the e-vehicle provider's commute, household size, and office hours. We show that services including solar energy generation have the largest economic potential but do not necessarily maximize renewable energy deployment with residential households. We conclude with recommendations for policymakers on how to tap the full economic potential of real-time trading services for stimulating the adoption of e-vehicles.     

Well-to-wheel costs,primary energy demand,and greenhouse gas emissions for the production and operation of conventional and alternative vehicles

This study provides a comprehensive comparison of well-to-wheel (WTW) energy demand, WTW GHG emissions, and costs for conventional ICE and alternative passenger car powertrains, including full electric, hybrid, and fuel cell powertrains. Vehicle production, operation, maintenance, and disposal are considered, along with a range of hydrogen production processes, electricity mixes, ICE fuels, and battery types. Results are determined based on a reference vehicle, powertrain efficiencies, life cycle inventory data, and cost estimations. Powertrain performance is measured against a gasoline ICE vehicle. Energy carrier and battery production are found to be the largest contributors to WTW energy demand, GHG emissions, and costs; however, electric powertrain performance is highly sensitive to battery specific energy. ICE and full hybrid vehicles using alternative fuels to gasoline, and fuel cell vehicles using natural gas hydrogen production pathways, are the only powertrains which demonstrate reductions in all three evaluation categories simultaneously (i.e., WTW energy demand, emissions, and costs). Overall, however, WTW emission reductions depend more on the energy carrier production pathway than on the powertrain; hence, alternative energy carriers to gasoline for an ICE-based fleet (including hybrids) should be emphasized from a policy perspective in the short-term. This will ease the transition towards a low-emission fleet in Switzerland.     

基于双同步坐标的无刷双馈轴带发电控制系统

航运业的碳氮排放在全球排放中占较大比例,充分利用推进主机的剩余动力进行轴带发电,既可以减少碳氮的排放,又有助于提高燃料的利用效率。无刷双馈轴带发电系统摆脱了同步发电机型轴发的全功率变换器要求和有刷双馈型轴发维护要求高、安全性差的缺点。本文在dq0模型的基础上,通过双同步模型建立了针对功率绕组的磁场定向矢量控制方法,并设计了独立和并网发电两种运行模式下的控制策略。通过仿真和物理实验证明了建模方法和控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

泡沫沥青厂拌冷再生的节能减排效果分析

为了分析泡沫沥青厂拌冷再生的节能减排效果,结合具体工程,对两种道路维修方案（泡沫沥青厂拌冷再生和传统挖除重建）在能源消耗和有害气体排放上进行检测、计算和分析对比。结果显示,采用泡沫沥青厂拌冷再生对路面进行修复,能量消耗仅为挖除重建的14.43%,其节能主要在于厂拌冷再生减少了沥青料的生产和施工。相对于挖除重建,在有害气...