Understanding parking decisions with a Bayesian network

In this paper, a Bayesian network is developed to investigate three intertwining parking decisions, namely parking period, parking location, and parking duration, and the impacts of a number of parking-related factors on these decisions. With parking information from Beijing, China in 2005, the structure and parameter of a Bayesian network were learnt by employing the K2 algorithm and Bayesian parameter estimation method respectively. The results show that the decision on how long to park follows that on where to park, and both of them are affected by the decision of when to park. This suggests that parking policies aimed at intervening in one specific parking decision may have an indirect influence on other parking decisions, which embraces an integrated view in the development of parking policies. The findings facilitate the development of measures for regulating parking behavior by identifying important contributing factors.     

考虑临时和预约需求的共享泊位动态分配方法

为解决多居住区共享停车场同时存在临时共享停车需求和提前预约共享停车需求的动态泊位分配问题，本文提出将未来几个时段的共享停车供需同时考虑到当前时段泊位分配中的单时段泊位分配方法，并将本时段泊位匹配结果延伸到后续时段，从而提出共享泊位动态分配流程。对临时停车需求，以用户成本最小为目标确立优先泊位匹配的原则；对预约停车需求，以系统收益最大为目标确立在当前时段结束时统一分配泊位的原则。定义4个指标评价模型效果。 选择来源于成都市某共享停车APP的3个居住小区一天的数据，对模型进行实证研究以及灵敏度分析。研究结果表明：临时共享停车需求和提前预约共享停车需求所占比例在0.4~0.6时，泊位分配后总目标表现最好；将未来几个时段的供需同时考虑到当前时段中，泊位分配效果更好，且考虑的未来时段越多，泊位分配后总目标越好；在泊位分配时，为了较好地保证临时停车需求能够优先分配到泊位，往往会造成总目标变差。     

驻车加热器的应用现状及问题分析

为了使车辆能在低温下顺利起动,减少车辆冷起动带来的排放污染,越来越多的车辆开始使用驻车加热器。通过介绍驻车加热器的应用现状,指出现有加热器存在的问题,并分析问题产生的原因,提出可行的解决方法,可供同行参考。     

An equilibrium analysis of commuter parking in the era of autonomous vehicles

This study is the first in the literature to model the joint equilibrium of departure time and parking location choices when commuters travel with autonomous vehicles (AVs). With AVs, walking from parking spaces to the work location is not needed. Instead, AVs will drop off the commuters at the workplace and then drive themselves to the parking spaces. In this context, the equilibrium departure/arrival profile is different from the literature with non-autonomous vehicles (non-AVs). Besides modeling the commuting equilibrium, this study further develops the first-best time-dependent congestion tolling scheme to achieve the system optimum. Also, a location-dependent parking pricing scheme is developed to replace the tolling scheme. Furthermore, this study discusses the optimal parking supply to minimize the total system cost (including both the travel cost and the social cost of parking supply) under either user equilibrium or system optimum traffic flow pattern. It is found that the optimal planning of parking can be different from the non-AV situation, since the vehicles can drive themselves to parking spaces that are further away from the city center and walking of commuters is avoided. This paper sheds light on future parking supply planning and traffic management.     

《城市停车规划规范》要点解读

《城市停车规划规范》(GB/T 51149—2016)(以下简称《规范》)已于2017年2月1日起实施,对其编制的技术要点及主要条文内容进行解读,有助于更好地理解和执行《规范》。首先对《规范》编制的主要目的、意义和背景进行介绍。在统一对城市停车规划认识的基础上,明确城市停车规划应包含的内容。对城市停车位供给规模及比例构成等关键技术指标进行解释和说明,支持城市可持续发展的停车规划的制定。在提出通过多种途径增加停车位供给以缓解当前停车矛盾的同时,也考虑到为支持新能源汽车的发展在规划上预留空间。     

A novel permit scheme for managing parking competition and bottleneck congestion

Morning commuters may have to depart from home earlier to secure a parking space when parking supply in the city center is insufficient. Recent studies show that parking reservations can reduce highway congestion and deadweight loss of parking competition simultaneously. This study develops a novel tradable parking permit scheme to realize or implement parking reservations when commuters are either homogeneous or heterogeneous in their values of time. It is found that an expirable parking permit scheme with an infinite number of steps, i.e., the ideal-scheme, is superior to a time-varying pricing scheme in the sense that designing a permit scheme does not require commuters’ value of time information and the performance of the scheme is robust to the variation of commuters’ value of time. Although it is impractical to implement the ideal-scheme with an infinite number of steps, the efficiency loss of a permit scheme with finite steps can be bounded in both cases of homogeneous and heterogeneous commuters. Moreover, considering the permit scheme may lead to an undesirable benefit distribution among commuters, we propose an equal cost-reduction distribution of parking permits where auto commuters with higher value of time will receive fewer permits.     

A review of the impact of parking policy measures on travel demand

This paper reviews the empirical evidence relating to the impact of parking policy measures on the demand for parking and for travel. Disaggregate modal choice models, disaggregate parking location models and site‐specific studies of parking behaviour are examined. With regard to modal choice models, it is concluded that few studies deal adequately with parking factors, but that there is some support for the view that parking policy measures are a relatively important influence on modal choice. When parking location models are examined parking policy variables are shown to have a substantial impact on choice of parking location. With regard to site‐specific studies, the paper concludes that there is a great variation in the parking price elasticities quoted, which reflects partly the methodological problems associated with such studies. Suggestions to improve model specification are made.     

基于经济学视角的停车费价格机制分析

车辆的持续增长给城市尤其是大城市带来严峻的负外部影响:交通拥堵与尾气污染,而尾气污染正是霾形成的重要因素。日益严重的"堵"和"霾"迫使城市治理者必须面对和解决不断增长的车辆需求与稀缺的城市交通资源这一矛盾。基于经济学视角,从车辆(保有、出行)与停车位完全互补关系出发,构建停车费价格模型与"停车费——车辆成本"联动效应分析,通过停车费影响消费者保有及出行车辆的成本,间接影响消费者的购车意愿和车辆出行意愿,从而达到有效控制车辆增长、削减其使用量,促进城市交通资源优化配置的目的。最后从加快公车产权改革、建立动态的停车费价格调整制度、实行差异化停车费政策、优化公交系统以及适当限制车位供应等方面得出城市治理者运用停车费价格机制提高城市交通运行效率的政策启示。     

深圳市空间结构多情景假设下的交通评估

深圳市在空间规划上长期坚持多中心结构,但在土地资源紧张和机动化交通需求激增的情况下,其城市空间发展趋势具有一定不确定性。因此,有必要对深圳市空间发展趋势开展多情景假设下的交通评估。在探讨快速轨道交通对多中心空间结构引导作用的基础上,构建单中心极化发展和多中心均衡发展两种空间结构情景,以及有无快速轨道交通两种交通方案。从土地利用与交通一体化、环保低碳、以人为本、关键走廊交通需求四个方面选取交通评估指标,定量化评估四种情景对应的交通特征。结果表明,城市空间结构对评估指标的影响远大于快速轨道交通的影响,而快速轨道交通主导的多中心空间结构是深圳市未来发展的理想模式。     

厦蓉高速公路榕江停车区选址论证

结合地质情况,针对榕江停车区的选址提出了3种方案,并从技术可行、经济合理、实施可能的角度进行了论证,给出推荐意见。强调对于山区复杂地形的停车区选址宜采取灵活的思路,顺势而为。