Predicting market potential and environmental benefits of deploying electric taxis in Nanjing,China

This paper investigates the market potential and environmental benefits of replacing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in the taxi fleet in Nanjing, China. Vehicle trajectory data collected by onboard global positioning system (GPS) units are used to study the travel patterns of taxis. The impacts of charger power, charging infrastructure coverage, and taxi apps on the feasibility of electric taxis are quantified, considering taxi drivers’ recharging behavior and operating activities. It is found that (1) depending on the charger power and coverage, 19% (with AC Level 2 chargers and 20% charger network coverage) to 56% (with DC chargers and 100% charger network coverage) of the ICE vehicles can be replaced by electric taxis without driving pattern changes; (2) by using taxi apps to find nearby passengers and charging stations, drivers could utilize the empty cruising time to charge the battery, which may increase the acceptance of BEVs by up to 82.6% compared to the scenario without taxi apps; and (3) tailpipe emissions in urban areas could be significantly reduced with taxi electrification: a mixed taxi fleet with 46% compressed-natural-gas-powered (CNG) and 54% electricity-powered vehicles can reduce the tailpipe emissions by 48% in comparison with the fleet of 100% CNG taxis.     

Formal scientific research of traffic collision data utilizing GIS

This paper explores the tenuous link between speeding behavior and accident causation, one that has not been well established in the international literature to date. Taking advantage of established engineering conventions and formulae, we were able to set up an a priori hypothesis suitable for testing. Utilizing this formal scientific method (which GIS researchers have been criticised for not using) we establish a statistical link for this relationship. Our methodology can be used to support all police intervention strategies, including the controversial photo radar systems. The results from our research have been entered into a GIS in order to create a map for spatial display. This map illustrates the relative probability or risk of collision occurrence resulting from speeding at all intersections and interchanges within the scope of the study. It is suggested that this methodology could easily be maintained with periodic updates of data, thus creating a dynamic model from which to monitor traffic safety within the city. Furthermore, this model can be utilized to study specific strategies, allowing for the scrutiny of before, during and after effects. The study area is the entire city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and includes all traffic collisions occurring during the year of 1994.     

基于GPS载波相位信号确定运动体姿态的关键技术

应用GPS载波相位信号确定运动体姿态,针对二维两天线系统情况,设计了姿态测量系统的硬件结构及算法流程框图,文章介绍了GPS姿态测量的关键技术：GPS姿态观测方程、整周模糊度的解算、误差的消除。从系统设计角度证明了技术的可行性。     

城市公交GPS轨迹路线图制作研究

以哈尔滨市104路公交为主要研究对象,详细介绍城市公交的GPS轨迹路线图制作时所需的软硬件,以及数据的采集方法,叙述数据的整合与分类过程。通过将主要公交站点周围兴趣点信息增添到轨迹点附近,构成包含有站点轨迹信息、站点影像信息的沿途轨迹信息。经过整合与分类,通过HOLUX ezTour软件对数据进行处理,阐述轨迹查询、地标的新增与删改和轨迹的添加与变换等功能。并使用Google Earth三维图像对轨迹路线全面整合,最终制作成城市公交GPS轨迹路线图。     

公路三级自然区划新框架体系的应用研究

从分析以往的公路三级自然区划的研究原理和思路出发,总结、归纳、探讨性地提出公路三级自然区划新的框架体系:原则,标志性体系的建立,方法的选用以及基于新方法GIS技术的应用。新框架体系的应用研究为以后的相关人员进行公路三级自然区划提供参考和依据。     

基于Delphi7的GPS数据采集器的实现研究

利用Delphi7和Jupiter 021 OEM板,开发一套GPS数据采集软件.该软件能够动态显示各可视卫星的卫星号、信号强度及信号的空间分布;以北纬、东经、海拔高度表示的三维定位结果及描述几何拓扑误差的HDOP、PDOP、VDOP等误差放大因子;生成动态存储NMEA-0183原始语句及其数据提取结果的文件,为今后分析接收机性能,确定GPS数据采集时段、采集位置,进行定位结果的优化处理等方面提供数据.     

基于EGM96模型的山区公路GPS高程拟合

阐述基于EGM96模型的山区公路GPS高程拟合方法,结合工程实例将其与常规拟合的结果进行对比分析,对山区公路GPS高程测量进行了探讨。     

高精度GPS数据处理方法在公路测量中的应用

针对目前高等级公路测量对点位精度要求的提高,提出了对不同载波的GPS相位观测量进行线性组合后,再利用GAMIT软件数据进行处理的方法,试验结果表明,此方法可以在公路控制测量中获得较高GPS定位精度,即在几公里的距离范围,基线精度可达到2 cm,满足公路控制测量的要求.     

GPS定位系统在隧道施工控制测量中的应用

文中以广梧高速公路石牙山隧道利用全球定位系统(GPS)进行施工控制测量为实例,简述了全球定位系统(GPS)的基本组成和测量原理,并分别通过利用全站仪进行传统导线测量和GPS定位系统测量两种方法的对比,总结了GPS应用于隧道工程控制测量所具有的卓越性能。     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.