GPS在山区滑坡变形监测中的应用

高陡边坡的稳定性一直是边坡灾害中倍受关注的重要安全问题之一.讨论了边坡位移传统监测方法的缺陷及新型的基于GPS的自动监测技术所具有的独特优势.介绍了适用于山区公路边坡位移监测的高精度GPS技术.GPS定位技术的发展为山区公路边坡变形监测提供了一种简便可靠的手段.实践表明,GPS监测具有很好的可靠性,与传统的监测手段相比,其可操作性更强,精度更高,值得在边坡变形监测领域中推广使用.     

GPS技术在道路观测中的应用

介绍了道路断面测量的基本要求,比较了GPS技术和全站仪测量方法的利弊,详细介绍了GPS测量的转换参数解算和动态GPS测量的误差。介绍了一个GPS测量的实例。是后提出了应用GPS技术应注意的事项。     

空间异质性建成环境对出租车与地铁竞合关系的影响

建成环境对出行方式的影响已有丰富的研究成果，然而对不同出行方式间相互关系影响的研究仍不够细致。本文以网格化的形式细化研究区域，采用土地利用属性和交通属性的六小 类要素作为特征变量刻画城市建成环境的特征。基于出租车行程的OD点与地铁站点的空间关系，将出租车与地铁竞合关系表征为 SCPE(Subway-competing,与地铁竞争)方式、SE(Subwayextending，延伸地铁)方式和SC(Subway-complementing，补充地铁出行)方式，并利用多尺度地理加权回归研究建成环境对竞合关系(SCPE、SE、SC)的影响机理及其空间效应。针对兰州市的案例研究表明：SCPE、SE、SC方式具有显著的空间异质性；多尺度地理加权回归能够刻画SCPE、 SE、SC方式与建成环境间依赖关系的空间异质性及其尺度差异，其估计结果更为可靠；建成环境各要素对SCPE方式的影响较为平稳，SC方式对公交站点密度和道路密度要素非常敏感，存在高度的空间异质性，SE方式亦对公交站点密度要素非常敏感。     

Likelihood-based offline map matching of GPS recordings using global trace information

In batch map matching the objective is to derive from a time series of position data the sequence of road segments visited by the traveler for posterior analysis. Taking into account the limited accuracy of both the map and the measurement devices several different movements over network links may have generated the observed measurements. The set of candidate solutions can be reduced by adding assumptions about the traveller’s behavior (e.g. respecting speed limits, using shortest paths, etc.). The set of feasible assumptions however, is constrained by the intended posterior analysis of the link sequences produced by map matching. This paper proposes a method that only uses the spatio-temporal information contained in the input data (GPS recordings) not reduced by any additional assumption.The method partitions the trace of GPS recordings so that all recordings in a part are chronologically consecutive and match the same set of road segments. Each such trace part leads to a collection of partial routes that can be qualified by their likelihood to have generated the trace part. Since the trace parts are chronologically ordered, an acyclic directed graph can be used to find the best chain of partial routes. It is used to enumerate candidate solutions to the map matching problem.Qualification based on behavioral assumptions is added in a separate later stage. Separating the stages helps to make the underlying assumptions explicit and adaptable to the purpose of the map matched results. The proposed technique is a multi-hypothesis technique (MHT) that does not discard any hypothesized path until the second stage.A road network extracted from OpenStreetMap (OSM) is used. In order to validate the method, synthetic realistic GPS traces were generated from randomly generated routes for different combinations of device accuracy and recording period. Comparing the base truth to the map matched link sequences shows that the proposed technique achieves a state of the art accuracy level.     

舰载火箭弹弹道重构与模型验证

为了验证火箭弹系统六自由度仿真模型的可信性,建立用于弹道重构的系统状态模型和基于GPS观测数据的量测模型,运用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法和TIC不等式系数法,探讨仿真模型静、动态性能的验证方法。以某型舰载火箭弹系统为研究对象,通过重构火箭弹飞行状态的误差参数,对其仿真模型进行定量验证。仿真结果表明,利用弹道重构方法对六自由度弹道仿真模型进行验证是有效的。     

基于全球定位系统的舰载三坐标雷达动态标校方法

为弥补舰载作战系统试验中传统三坐标雷达标校方法的不足,提高标校效率,提出一种基于全球定位系统(GPS)RTK模式动态标校舰载三坐标雷达的方法。该方法通过实时录取GPS的定位数据,经过坐标变换和插值修正,给出目标运动的约定真值。对所设计和实现的三坐标雷达标校系统精度的试验检查结果表明,该标校系统满足舰载三坐标雷达的标校工作,同时降低了对环境的依赖性,便于操作,距离误差在4 cm以内。     

RTX环境下时统信息实时采集方法研究

利用统一的GPS时间信息进行高精度时间同步,可以有效解决地理分布的半实物仿真系统的同步控制问题。针对RTX环境下GPS时间信息的实时采集问题,提出并设计实现了基于RS232串口读取时间信息报文和精确对时脉冲的时间同步方法。实践结果表明,该方法对时精度可达微秒级,满足了分布式半实物仿真系统的时间同步需求。     

Mining factors affecting taxi drivers’ incomes using GPS trajectories

Taxis provide essential transport services in urban areas. In the taxi industry, the income level remains a cause of concern for taxi drivers as well as regulators. Mining underlying factors affecting the income level will not only benefit the newcomers and low-income drivers but also assist in developing effective optimization algorithms for taxi operations. This paper intends to disclose the factors affecting incomes along with their quantitative influence by mining over 167 million GPS records from nearly 8000 taxis in Shanghai. We first identify a marked difference in drivers’ incomes and categorize drivers into three income levels accordingly. We next investigate the overall search-delivery process, thereby defining several factors that may affect the income level. We then develop a generalized multi-level ordered logit (GMOL) model to find the significant factors that influence incomes. Finally, we compute the elasticity for those significant factors and present their contributions, as well as challenge some preconceived ideas regarding how to earn high incomes.     

Siting public electric vehicle charging stations in Beijing using big-data informed travel patterns of the taxi fleet

Charging infrastructure is critical to the development of electric vehicle (EV) system. While many countries have implemented great policy efforts to promote EVs, how to build charging infrastructure to maximize overall travel electrification given how people travel has not been well studied. Mismatch of demand and infrastructure can lead to under-utilized charging stations, wasting public resources. Estimating charging demand has been challenging due to lack of realistic vehicle travel data. Public charging is different from refueling from two aspects: required time and home-charging possibility. As a result, traditional approaches for refueling demand estimation (e.g. traffic flow and vehicle ownership density) do not necessarily represent public charging demand. This research uses large-scale trajectory data of 11,880 taxis in Beijing as a case study to evaluate how travel patterns mined from big-data can inform public charging infrastructure development. Although this study assumes charging stations to be dedicated to a fleet of PHEV taxis which may not fully represent the real-world situation, the methodological framework can be used to analyze private vehicle trajectory data as well to improve our understanding of charging demand for electrified private fleet. Our results show that (1) collective vehicle parking “hotspots” are good indicators for charging demand; (2) charging stations sited using travel patterns can improve electrification rate and reduce gasoline consumption; (3) with current grid mix, emissions of CO₂, PM, SO₂, and NO_x will increase with taxi electrification; and (4) power demand for public taxi charging has peak load around noon, overlapping with Beijing’s summer peak power.