基于元胞粒子群算法的干式DCT换挡品质优化

为提高干式双离合器自动变速器(DCT)的换挡品质,建立了DCT换挡过程优化模型;针对单一优化算法易于局部收敛和早熟的缺陷,将元胞自动机和粒子群算法相结合,开发了元胞粒子群混合优化算法,并将其应用于干式DCT换挡品质优化。仿真结果表明,通过优化离合器的压紧力能获得较好的换挡品质。     

快速高维均值平移算法及其在航空图像分割中的应用

随着军事伪装技术的广泛应用,如何有效提取与背景色彩接近的目标是提高航空图像目标识别能力的关键。针对背景色彩接近目标的航空图像分割问题,应用一种基于快速高维均值平移的图像分割方法对航拍图像进行处理。在包含有空间,色彩和纹理的高维特征空间中对图像进行均值平移滤波,再通过聚类方法分割图像。同时,针对特征空间维数增大带来的大计算量问题,对均值平移算法进行了改进,给出了一种基于均值平移向量预测的快速算法。实验结果表明,算法用于航拍图像分割,分割效果和运算速度均优于标准算法。     

四气囊空气悬架导向机构设计及故障分析

介绍后空气悬架四连杆导向机构的不同布置形式对悬架运动特性的影响。以国内某车型驱动桥空气悬架为例,对后桥移位原因进行分析,得出推力杆球铰的刚度大小不是后桥移位的主因,后桥移位主要与推力杆的安装座移位以及骑马螺栓松动有关的结论。     

自动变速车辆坡道行驶工况下换挡规律的研究

从采用一般换挡规律的AMT车辆在坡道行驶时容易出现的问题出发,分析了换挡循环问题、意外换挡问题和紧急制动问题的原因;提出通过计算理论加速度判断坡道工况的方法;制定修正后的坡道综合控制换挡规律。通过仿真分析,验证此方法可以有效解决各种坡道换挡问题。     

缸盖凸轮轴瓦盖拧紧机拧紧扳手自动变位装置研发与设计

文章介绍缸盖凸轮轴瓦盖拧紧机拧紧扳手自动变位装置的工作原理,针对发动机缸盖凸轮轴瓦盖装配过程中,对多品种和单一品种的多种不同间距的螺栓拧紧的问题,分析了拧紧扳手自动变位装置的设计要点及关键技术,并对缸盖凸轮轴瓦盖装配机拧紧扳手自动变位装置主要机构做了简单说明。     

边界元法在汽车变速器齿轮弯曲问题中的应用

本文首先建立了汽车变速器齿轮弯曲分析的数学模型,并利用边界元理论,建立了相应的边界元模型;最后用该模型对某轻型车变速器齿轮的弯曲问题进行了分析计算。从而为分析和模拟汽车变速器齿轮弯曲问题提供了一种新方法。     

汽车齿轮油的正交复配试验研究

分析并确定了以极压添加剂为主的影响重负荷汽车驱动桥双曲线齿轮润滑油性能指标的各相关因素及其合适的添加量范围。根据油品的性能要求，对所确定的试验指标进行了2水平多因素的齿轮润滑油正交试验。通过对试验数据的处理和分析，得出各因素对试验指标的影响程度，并获得了满足在给定工况条件下的汽车驱动桥双曲线齿轮油的最佳配方方案。     

CA488发动机粉末冶金机油泵驱动齿轮研制

从材料，生产工艺等方面对采用粉末冶金工艺制造机油泵驱动齿轮进行了试验研究，并对合金铸铁机油泵驱动齿轮的粉末冶金机油泵驱动齿轮加以比较，得出结论：ＣＡ４８８发动机采用粉末冶金材料制造机油泵驱动齿轮可提高材料利用率，减少机械加工工序，降低制造成本。     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

物探船谐波综合治理方案研究

先进的三维物探船是电力推进形式的科考船,配置有变频控制的大功率推进电机和震源空压机,电站谐波必须进行控制,否则将导致高精度信号的采集和运算产生较大误差。本文以国内首艘自主设计的某三维物探船为例,根据投资预算、谐波控制指标、勘探作业特点、动力冗余等要求,对变频器选型论证、对发电机参数调整,制定全船谐波的综合治理方案,对同类船舶动力系统的设计具有借鉴意义。