载人潜水器在母船上系固时的受力计算及分析

载人潜水器在母船上系固时的安全性是7 000 m载人潜水器母船设计的关键技术之一,准确预报载人潜水器在母船上系固时受到的作用力,对于潜水器系固装置的设计及系固安全性评估至关重要。根据耐波性理论,针对潜水器搭载母船的实际线型和航行海域情况,提出了基于搭载母船耐波性预报的潜水器系固时受力的简便计算方法,该方法可以计算不同海况时的受力情况,能适应潜水器不同存放或维修工况下系固设计的需要,具有较好的工程适用价值。     

Connected cruise control among human-driven vehicles: Experiment-based parameter estimation and optimal control design

In this paper, we consider connected cruise control design in mixed traffic flow where most vehicles are human-driven. We first propose a sweeping least square method to estimate in real time feedback gains and driver reaction time of human-driven vehicles around the connected automated vehicle. Then we propose an optimal connected cruise controller based on the mean dynamics of human driving behavior. We test the performance of both the estimation algorithm and the connected cruise control algorithm using experimental data. We demonstrate that by combining the proposed estimation algorithm and the optimal controller, the connected automated vehicle has significantly improved performance compared to a human-driven vehicle.     

基于驾驶负荷的山区二级公路纵坡路段驾驶舒适度评价研究

为定量评价山区公路纵坡路段驾驶舒适度，本文以云南省文都二级公路为研究对象，进行实车试验开展驾驶负荷研究.首先，分析上、下坡路段坡度、坡长、加(减)速度指标对驾驶负荷影响程度，运用多元回归建立驾驶负荷模型；其次，利用心率增长率的第50、85分位值划分驾驶舒适度，结合所建模型对驾驶舒适度进行阈值分析，确定不同驾驶舒适程度对应坡度、加(减)速度区间范围；最后，对模型及阈值划分合理性进行分析验证.结果表明，坡度、加 (减)速度对纵坡路段驾驶负荷皆为显著变量，而坡长与驾驶负荷仅存在弱相关性.本文模型有效，阈值划分合理，可为低等级公路驾驶负荷研究提供参考.     

Interface design considerations for an in-vehicle eco-driving assistance system

This high-fidelity driving simulator study used a paired comparison design to investigate the effectiveness of 12 potential eco-driving interfaces. Previous work has demonstrated fuel economy improvements through the provision of in-vehicle eco-driving guidance using a visual or haptic interface. This study uses an eco-driving assistance system that advises the driver of the most fuel efficient accelerator pedal angle, in real time. Assistance was provided to drivers through a visual dashboard display, a multimodal visual dashboard and auditory tone combination, or a haptic accelerator pedal. The style of advice delivery was varied within each modality. The effectiveness of the eco-driving guidance was assessed via subjective feedback, and objectively through the pedal angle error between system-requested and participant-selected accelerator pedal angle. Comparisons amongst the six haptic systems suggest that drivers are guided best by a force feedback system, where a driver experiences a step change in force applied against their foot when they accelerate inefficiently. Subjective impressions also identified this system as more effective than a stiffness feedback system involving a more gradual change in pedal feedback. For interfaces with a visual component, drivers produced smaller pedal errors with an in-vehicle visual display containing second order information on the required rate of change of pedal angle, in addition to current fuel economy information. This was supported by subjective feedback. The presence of complementary audio alerts improved eco-driving performance and reduced visual distraction from the roadway. The results of this study can inform the further development of an in-vehicle assistance system that supports ‘green’ driving.     

Evaluation of total risk exposure and insurance premiums in the maritime industry

The empirical evaluation of maritime risk exposure is based on the monetary value at risk (MVR) that incorporates individual safety quality data of about 130,000 vessels, insurable values related to various potential damages, and proxies for fractions of values lost at incidents. MVR provides a tool to enhance strategic planning of maritime administrations and insurance providers, which is illustrated by a high level comparison of annual risk exposure with insurance premiums for 2010–2014. The analysis reveals a global annual insurable value of 30.6 trillion USD with associated annual MVR of 38.8 billion USD for very serious and serious incidents. Although oil tankers show the highest risk exposure (1.75 million USD per tanker per year), safety qualities are found to be best for this ship type (1.4% annual incident risk) and worst for container vessels (2.8%). Annual growth rates in total risk exposure are mostly positive with highest value for dry bulk carriers (27.8%), whereas risk exposure tends to decline for pollution of oil tankers (−2.0%) and passenger vessels (−11.3%), and for loss of life of oil tankers (−1.9%) and dry bulk carriers (−1.4%). Comparison across administrative dimensions reveals that most risk exposure lies with old open registries and with beneficial owners and the Document of Compliance companies located in high income countries. Comparison with global insurance premiums suggests reasonably adequate coverage of maritime risks (excluding cargo) with under-insurance of risk by around 5% (about 1 billion USD per year), with some uncertainties remaining for actual loss fractions of the involved damages.     

Improving the behavioral realism of global integrated assessment models: An application to consumers’ vehicle choices

A large body of transport sector-focused research recognizes the complexity of human behavior in relation to mobility. Yet, global integrated assessment models (IAMs), which are widely used to evaluate the costs, potentials, and consequences of different greenhouse gas emission trajectories over the medium-to-long term, typically represent behavior and the end use of energy as a simple rational choice between available alternatives, even though abundant empirical evidence shows that real-world decision making is more complex and less routinely rational. This paper demonstrates the value of incorporating certain features of consumer behavior in IAMs, focusing on light-duty vehicle (LDV) purchase decisions. An innovative model formulation is developed to represent heterogeneous consumer groups with varying preferences for vehicle novelty, range, refueling/recharging availability, and variety. The formulation is then implemented in the transport module of MESSAGE-Transport, a global IAM, although it also has the generic flexibility to be applied in energy-economy models with varying set-ups. Comparison of conventional and ‘behaviorally-realistic’ model runs with respect to vehicle purchase decisions shows that consumer preferences may slow down the transition to alternative fuel (low-carbon) vehicles. Consequently, stronger price-based incentives and/or non-price based measures may be needed to transform the global fleet of passenger vehicles, at least in the initial market phases of novel alternatives. Otherwise, the mitigation burden borne by other transport sub-sectors and other energy sectors could be higher than previously estimated. More generally, capturing behavioral features of energy consumers in global IAMs increases their usefulness to policy makers by allowing a more realistic assessment of a more diverse suite of policies.     

伦敦地铁的运营管理模式

文章介绍了伦敦地铁的发展建设历程,并系统总结了伦敦地铁的设计运营服务特色。在线路设计方面,线路共轨设计提高了乘客的换乘效率和成本,线路多个安全出口设计为突发事件下的乘客紧急疏散提供安全保障;车站设计方面,重点突出了其公共环境设计的艺术化、同站台换乘的先进性和节能减排设计的自觉性;服务方面,介绍了伦敦地铁灵活的列车开行模式、多样的票务组织以及便捷的接驳服务。伦敦地铁的运营管理经验和教训对我国地铁发展具有良好的借鉴意义。     

汽车碰撞中人体保护装置的研究

本文提出了一种人体保护的新构思。通过对人体生理和心理特点研究,认为人体卷曲姿态是一种较佳的人体保护姿态,并研制出了一种新型的人体保护装置。在美国韦恩州立大学生物工程中心,使用混合-Ⅲ型假人对该装置进行了气动台车碰撞试验。试验结果表明:在汽车碰撞时,该人体保护装置对乘员有较好的保护作用。     

人体对1.0Hz以下低频振动的响应

ISO 2631/DP-1989修改草案[1]对原标准作了修改,推荐了一组频率加权函数曲线。本试验针对草案的0.25～1.0Hz低频垂直振动,通过对12名青年学生的胃电和人体不平衡的测试进行了试验分析,结果表明,胃电和人体质心不平衡的变化趋势与人体对低频振动的主观反应大体一致,为人对低频振动的反应提供了有效的客观指标。修改草案的低频振动的加权函数基本符合实际情况。     

汽车碰撞过程人体响应的研究

本文在多刚体动力学Kane方法的基础上,推导了二维多刚体系统矩阵形式的动力学方程。用于一个具体的汽车乘员/座椅系统模型,计算了汽车正碰过程中人体的运动姿态、加速度、速度和位移响应,以及安全带的受力等特性。与试验结果比较,证明了理论计算的正确性。本文在实例计算的基础上,分析研究了系统参数变化对人体响应的影响以及安全带在汽车碰撞过程中对人体的保护作用。