高海拔特长隧道低温大风环境及对围岩-结构温度场的影响

为探明高海拔特长隧道洞外低温大风的成因、特征及对洞内风场、围岩-结构温度温度场的影响,以国道317线雀儿山隧道为工程依托,采用气象站、手持风速仪、红外测温仪、埋入式多点铂电阻温度传感器等,对冬季隧道贯通前后进出口两端隧址区、洞内净空风速、风向、温度以及隧道轴向、径向的围岩-结构温度场进行现场实测,分析低温大风成因和特征、隧道贯通前后负温区范围、风速风向变化规律以及对洞口段和洞深部围岩-结构温度场的影响。研究结果表明：受高原大尺度大气环流产生的高原季风以及雀儿山两侧日照时间、地形引起的小尺度范围内自由大气热力差影响,隧址区冬季风速高、温度低;大风时段主要集中在14：00~21：00,平均风速达10 m·s^-1,负温时段主要在19：00~8：30,隧道进、出口日最大气温差分别为23.5℃和28℃;隧道贯通前,进出口两端负温区段在860 m以内;贯通后,出口端主洞和平导负温区段为1 200,1 280 m,分别比进口端长了340,420 m;贯通前后,隧道深部最低风速分别为1.1,2.2 m·s^-1,洞内风向由两端向洞内方向转化为主要由出口向进口方向;隧道洞口浅埋段围岩和衬砌结构径向负温范围在贯通前为1.20 m,贯通后为0.80 m,且在上述范围内温度变幅较大;低温大风对隧道深部的围岩温度影响不大,但对结构表面温度影响明显,由于变温区主要集中在二衬混凝土结构内部,因此要重视结构内部产生的冻胀作用。     

试述国内外公路设计理念的发展

更新公路建设理念的前提和核心是要更新设计理念,只有做到不断地更新设计理念,才能确保公路建设的可持续发展.     

Connected cruise control among human-driven vehicles: Experiment-based parameter estimation and optimal control design

In this paper, we consider connected cruise control design in mixed traffic flow where most vehicles are human-driven. We first propose a sweeping least square method to estimate in real time feedback gains and driver reaction time of human-driven vehicles around the connected automated vehicle. Then we propose an optimal connected cruise controller based on the mean dynamics of human driving behavior. We test the performance of both the estimation algorithm and the connected cruise control algorithm using experimental data. We demonstrate that by combining the proposed estimation algorithm and the optimal controller, the connected automated vehicle has significantly improved performance compared to a human-driven vehicle.     

基于驾驶负荷的山区二级公路纵坡路段驾驶舒适度评价研究

为定量评价山区公路纵坡路段驾驶舒适度，本文以云南省文都二级公路为研究对象，进行实车试验开展驾驶负荷研究.首先，分析上、下坡路段坡度、坡长、加(减)速度指标对驾驶负荷影响程度，运用多元回归建立驾驶负荷模型；其次，利用心率增长率的第50、85分位值划分驾驶舒适度，结合所建模型对驾驶舒适度进行阈值分析，确定不同驾驶舒适程度对应坡度、加(减)速度区间范围；最后，对模型及阈值划分合理性进行分析验证.结果表明，坡度、加 (减)速度对纵坡路段驾驶负荷皆为显著变量，而坡长与驾驶负荷仅存在弱相关性.本文模型有效，阈值划分合理，可为低等级公路驾驶负荷研究提供参考.     

Interface design considerations for an in-vehicle eco-driving assistance system

This high-fidelity driving simulator study used a paired comparison design to investigate the effectiveness of 12 potential eco-driving interfaces. Previous work has demonstrated fuel economy improvements through the provision of in-vehicle eco-driving guidance using a visual or haptic interface. This study uses an eco-driving assistance system that advises the driver of the most fuel efficient accelerator pedal angle, in real time. Assistance was provided to drivers through a visual dashboard display, a multimodal visual dashboard and auditory tone combination, or a haptic accelerator pedal. The style of advice delivery was varied within each modality. The effectiveness of the eco-driving guidance was assessed via subjective feedback, and objectively through the pedal angle error between system-requested and participant-selected accelerator pedal angle. Comparisons amongst the six haptic systems suggest that drivers are guided best by a force feedback system, where a driver experiences a step change in force applied against their foot when they accelerate inefficiently. Subjective impressions also identified this system as more effective than a stiffness feedback system involving a more gradual change in pedal feedback. For interfaces with a visual component, drivers produced smaller pedal errors with an in-vehicle visual display containing second order information on the required rate of change of pedal angle, in addition to current fuel economy information. This was supported by subjective feedback. The presence of complementary audio alerts improved eco-driving performance and reduced visual distraction from the roadway. The results of this study can inform the further development of an in-vehicle assistance system that supports ‘green’ driving.     

Evaluation of total risk exposure and insurance premiums in the maritime industry

The empirical evaluation of maritime risk exposure is based on the monetary value at risk (MVR) that incorporates individual safety quality data of about 130,000 vessels, insurable values related to various potential damages, and proxies for fractions of values lost at incidents. MVR provides a tool to enhance strategic planning of maritime administrations and insurance providers, which is illustrated by a high level comparison of annual risk exposure with insurance premiums for 2010–2014. The analysis reveals a global annual insurable value of 30.6 trillion USD with associated annual MVR of 38.8 billion USD for very serious and serious incidents. Although oil tankers show the highest risk exposure (1.75 million USD per tanker per year), safety qualities are found to be best for this ship type (1.4% annual incident risk) and worst for container vessels (2.8%). Annual growth rates in total risk exposure are mostly positive with highest value for dry bulk carriers (27.8%), whereas risk exposure tends to decline for pollution of oil tankers (−2.0%) and passenger vessels (−11.3%), and for loss of life of oil tankers (−1.9%) and dry bulk carriers (−1.4%). Comparison across administrative dimensions reveals that most risk exposure lies with old open registries and with beneficial owners and the Document of Compliance companies located in high income countries. Comparison with global insurance premiums suggests reasonably adequate coverage of maritime risks (excluding cargo) with under-insurance of risk by around 5% (about 1 billion USD per year), with some uncertainties remaining for actual loss fractions of the involved damages.     

Improving the behavioral realism of global integrated assessment models: An application to consumers’ vehicle choices

A large body of transport sector-focused research recognizes the complexity of human behavior in relation to mobility. Yet, global integrated assessment models (IAMs), which are widely used to evaluate the costs, potentials, and consequences of different greenhouse gas emission trajectories over the medium-to-long term, typically represent behavior and the end use of energy as a simple rational choice between available alternatives, even though abundant empirical evidence shows that real-world decision making is more complex and less routinely rational. This paper demonstrates the value of incorporating certain features of consumer behavior in IAMs, focusing on light-duty vehicle (LDV) purchase decisions. An innovative model formulation is developed to represent heterogeneous consumer groups with varying preferences for vehicle novelty, range, refueling/recharging availability, and variety. The formulation is then implemented in the transport module of MESSAGE-Transport, a global IAM, although it also has the generic flexibility to be applied in energy-economy models with varying set-ups. Comparison of conventional and ‘behaviorally-realistic’ model runs with respect to vehicle purchase decisions shows that consumer preferences may slow down the transition to alternative fuel (low-carbon) vehicles. Consequently, stronger price-based incentives and/or non-price based measures may be needed to transform the global fleet of passenger vehicles, at least in the initial market phases of novel alternatives. Otherwise, the mitigation burden borne by other transport sub-sectors and other energy sectors could be higher than previously estimated. More generally, capturing behavioral features of energy consumers in global IAMs increases their usefulness to policy makers by allowing a more realistic assessment of a more diverse suite of policies.     

刘家峡大桥桥台岸坡岩体特性及其稳定性研究

刘家峡大桥位于刘家峡水库右岸冲沟沟口,是临夏折桥至兰州市达川二级公路的控制性重点工程.该桥设计采用单跨悬索桥方案（跨径20 m＋536m＋20m）,建成后将成为甘肃省乃至北方地区最大跨度的桥梁.通过地质调绘、工程钻探、平硐勘探、岩体声波测试、大型原位岩体变形试验和室内力学试验多种方法,对桥台岸坡岩体特性进行了详细研究.基于变形理论,运用Geo-Studio和FLAC数值模拟软件对库水位升降、桥基开挖、桥塔荷载等因素影响下的桥台岸坡的稳定性进行了研究,最后并就桥台岸坡防治措施提出了建议.     

对船舶号灯、号型条款中常见误解类型的剖析

号灯、号型是船舶不可或缺的组成部分,是识别和判断船舶类型、大小、动态和工作性质的主要手段.尽管《1972年国际海上避碰规则》规定了各种船舶在不同动态下应显示的号灯或号型,但是由于船舶吨位增大,地方和港口主管机关对号灯、号型另行规定以及为满足当前操纵需要而设计的新型船舶出现,加大了对号灯、号型所提供的信息判断难度。本文以事故案例为引导,根据当前航行环境特点,对号灯、号型的规定进行有针对性的分析和研究。     

青少年学生参加体育锻炼的现状研究

针对我国青少年体质健康问题,对青少年学生参加体育锻炼行为现状进行了分析,为实施青少年体育运动的干预指导提供了依据。