A system based approach to develop hybrid model predicting extreme urban NOx and PM2.5 concentrations

One of the major drawbacks of conventional air quality models is their inability in accurately predicting extreme air pollutant concentrations. Hybrid modelling is one of the techniques that estimates/predicts the ‘entire range’ of the distribution of pollutant concentrations by combining the deterministic based models (capable in predicting average range) with suitable statistical (probability) distribution models (capable in predicting extreme range). This research paper describes system based approach in developing hybrid model to predict hourly averages as well as extreme percentile ranges of NO_x and PM_2.5 concentrations at two urban locations having complex traffic heterogeneity, highly variable tropical meteorology and different geographical characteristics. At one of the selected locations i.e. Delhi megacity, during winters, hybridization of AERMOD and Lognormal predicts NO_x and PM_2.5 concentrations satisfactorily with index of agreement ‘d’ values of 0.98–0.99, respectively; however, during summers, AERMOD-Log-logistic and AERMOD-Lognormal are best predicting NO_x and PM_2.5 concentrations with d values of 0.98–0.96, respectively. In another, i.e., Chennai, a coastal megacity, AERMOD-Lognormal predicts PM_2.5 concentrations satisfactorily with d values of 0.98 and 0.99 during winter and summer seasons, respectively. Further, hybrid model has also been used to evaluate regulatory compliance.     

A hybrid controller for autonomous vehicles driving on automated highways

This paper addresses the problem of the hybrid control of autonomous vehicles driving on automated highways. Vehicles are autonomous, so they do not communicate with each other nor with the infrastructure. Two problems have to be dealt with: a vehicle driving in a single-lane highway must never collide with its leading vehicle; and a vehicle entering the highway at a designated entry junction must be able to merge from the merging lane to the main lane, again without any collision. To solve these problems, we equip each vehicle with a hybrid controller, consisting of several continuous control laws embedded inside a finite state automaton. The automaton specifies when a given vehicle must enter the highway, merge into the main lane, yield to other vehicles, exit from the highway, and so on. The continuous control laws specify what acceleration the vehicle must have in order to avoid collisions with nearby vehicles. By carefully designing these control laws and the conditions guarding the automaton transitions, we are able to demonstrate three important results. First, we state the initial conditions guaranteeing that a following vehicle never collides with its leading vehicle. Second, we extend this first result to a lane of autonomous vehicles. Third, we prove that if all the vehicles are equipped with our hybrid controller, then no collision can ever occur, and all vehicles either merge successfully or are forced to drop out when they reach the end of their merging lane. Finally, we show the outcome of a highway microsimulation modelled after the Katy Corridor near Houston, Texas: our single-lane highway can accommodate 4000 vehicles per hour with neither drop-outs nor traffic congestion. It is entirely programmed in SHIFT, a hybrid systems simulation language developed at UC Berkeley by the PATH group. This shows that SHIFT is a well suited language for designing safe control laws for autonomous highway systems, among others.     

基于自适应多尺度积阈值的钢轨裂纹红外图像增强

利用红外热波技术检测钢轨斜裂纹伤损所得的红外图像存在整体亮度偏暗、边缘对比度低和纹理细节模糊的缺点,对测量裂纹的扩展深度不利。对此,本文提出一种基于非子采样Contourlet变换NSCT(Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform)的自适应多尺度积阈值AMPT(Adaptive Multiscale Products Thresholding)钢轨裂纹红外图像增强算法。对图像进行NSCT分解得到不同尺度不同方向上的子带系数,由子带系数自适应地确定阈值并调整增强函数,将阈值作用于每一子带的多尺度积,对阈值化操作后的子带系数进行增强处理和逆变换,实现图像增强。实验结果表明:该算法在抑制噪声和提高图像整体对比度的基础上,有效突出了目标图像的边缘,对裂纹内部微弱细节纹理的增强效果优于其他传统的红外图像增强方法,为进一步提取代表裂纹深度的关键像素提供了有力支撑。     

铁路产品认证实施规则的研究

结合我国铁路产品认证制度及认证要求的发展变化,介绍目前铁路产品认证实施规则的基本结构组成和编制铁路产品认证实施规则遵循的基本要求、编写方法。重点研究我国铁路转变管理方式后,第1批采信目录共计242种产品认证实施规则的编制过程,指出编制过程中遇到的主要技术问题,探索适合我国铁路产品的认证实施规则结构模式。     

复合式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的特性研究

复合式膜生物反应器与A/O工艺相结合处理生活污水,使反应器兼具活性污泥法、生物膜法、膜分离3种处理过程,系统出水稳定.膜出水COD平均去除率达85.3%,含量小于50 mg/L;氨氮平均去除率为69.1%,含量20 mg/L以下;总氮平均去除率为50.8%,出水水质符合国家生活杂用水水质标准.     

Hierarchical control strategies for energy management of connected hybrid electric vehicles in urban roads

This paper presents a fuel efficient control strategy for a group of connected hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in urban road conditions. A hierarchical control architecture is proposed in this paper for every HEV, where the higher level and the lower level controller share information with each other and solve two different problems that aim at improving its fuel efficiency. The higher level controller of each HEV is considered to utilize traffic light information, through vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication, and state information of the vehicles in its near neighborhood, via vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication. Apart from that, the higher level controller of each HEV uses the recuperation information from the lower level controller and provides it the optimal velocity profile by solving its problem in a model predictive control framework. Each lower level controller uses adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) for following their velocity profiles, obtained from the higher level controller, in a fuel efficient manner. In this paper, the vehicles are modeled in Autonomie software and the simulation results are provided in the paper that shows the effectiveness of the proposed control architecture.     

Use of hybrid vehicles in Japan: An analysis of used car market data

Despite the rapid market penetration of hybrid vehicles (HVs), their usage and contributions to environmental protection have not been examined by vehicle traveling data. In this paper, we analyzed Japan’s used car market data to understand how HVs are used on the street. We find GV drivers with high travel demand switched from GVs to HVs during the transition period. Despite HV owners driving much longer distances than conventional gasoline vehicle (GV) owners, they emit less carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, owing to better fuel economy. We also find that HV owners spend roughly the same amount of money annually as GV owners. However, the per-kilometer travel cost of HVs is much lower than that of GVs even if the depreciation cost of the vehicle and vehicle related taxes are included in the analysis.     

混合动力商用车电气系统设计

首先介绍一汽混合动力商用车的研发背景、整车概念描述、整车电气系统配置。然后阐述如何进行电气系统设计,其中分为电气系统供电电路设计和控制器通信系统的通信电路设计。最后总结混合动力商用车电气系统设计的要点,并对混合动力商用车进行展望。     

Electric vehicles in multi-vehicle households

The suitability of an electric vehicle of a given range to serve in place of a given conventional vehicle is not limited by the daily travel over distances within that that range, but rather by the occasional inconvenience of finding alternative transport for longer trips. While the frequency of this inconvenience can be computed from usage data, the willingness of individual users to accept that replacement depends on details of available transportation alternatives and their willingness to use them. The latter can be difficult to assess. Fortunately, 65% of US households have access to the most convenient alternative possible: a second car. In this paper we describe an analysis of prospective EV acceptance and travel electrification in two-car households in the Puget Sound region. We find that EVs with 60 miles of useful range could be acceptable (i.e. incur inconvenience no more than three days each year) to nearly 90% of two-car households and electrify nearly 55% of travel in those households (32% of all travel). This compares to 120 miles range required to achieve the same fraction of electrified travel via one-for-one replacement of individual vehicles. Even though only one third of personal vehicles in the US may be replaced in this paradigm, the ‘EV as a second-car’ concept is attractive in that a significant fraction of travel can be electrified by vehicles with modest electric range and virtually no dependence on public charging infrastructure.