菜市口交叉口信号配时优化及仿真验证分析

文章针对菜市口(宣武门外大街口)交叉口现有的交通状况和存在的问题,利用经典的Webster法对交叉口进行重新配时,并且根据交叉口的交通流特点,对改善后的配时方案设计了相位间的迟起早断控制。同时运用VISSIM软件,以平均延误和平均排队长度为评价指标对各个方案进行仿真验证。输出的数据结果表明:优化的配时方案能有效地减少车辆延误和平均停车时间。     

Charge timing choice behavior of battery electric vehicle users

This paper aims to examine choice behavior in respect of the time at which battery electric vehicle users charge their vehicles. The focus is on normal charging after the last trip of the day, and the alternatives presented are no charging, charging immediately after arrival, nighttime charging, and charging at other times. A mixed logit model with unobserved heterogeneity is applied to panel data extracted from a two-year field trial on battery electric vehicle usage in Japan. Estimation results, obtained using separate models for commercial and private vehicles, suggest that state of charge, interval in days before the next travel day, and vehicle-kilometers to be traveled on the next travel day are the main predictors for whether a user charges the vehicle or not, that the experience of fast charging negatively affects normal charging, and that users tend to charge during the nighttime in the latter half of the trial. On the other hand, the probability of normal charging after the last trip of a working day is increased for commercial vehicles, while is decreased for private vehicles. Commercial vehicles tend not to be charged when they arrival during the nighttime, while private vehicles tend to be charged immediately. Further, the correlations of nighttime charging with charging immediately and charging at other times reveal that it may be possible to encourage charging during off-peak hours to lessen the load on the electricity grid. This finding is supported by the high variance for the alternative of nighttime charging.     

Optimality versus run time for isolated signalized intersections

Simulation-based optimization of traffic signal timing has become pervasive and popular, in the field of traffic engineering. When the underlying simulation model is well-trusted and/or well-calibrated, it is only natural that typical engineers would want their signal timing optimized using the judgment of that same model. As such, it becomes important that the heuristic search methods typically used by these optimizations are capable of locating global optimum solutions, for a wide range of signal systems. However off-line and real-time solutions alike offer just a subset of the available search methods. The result is that many optimizations are likely converging prematurely on mediocre solutions. In response, this paper compares several search methods from the literature, in terms of both optimality (i.e., solution quality) and computer run times. Simulated annealing and genetic algorithm methods were equally effective in achieving near-global optimum solutions. Two selection methods (roulette wheel and tournament), commonly used within genetic algorithms, exhibited similar effectiveness. Tabu searching did not provide significant benefits. Trajectories of optimality versus run time (OVERT) were similar for each method, except some methods aborted early along the same trajectory. Hill-climbing searches always aborted early, even with a large number of step-sizes. Other methods only aborted early when applied with ineffective parameter settings (e.g. mutation rate, annealing schedule). These findings imply (1) today’s products encourage a sub-optimal “one size fits all” approach, (2) heuristic search methods and parameters should be carefully selected based on the system being optimized, (3) weaker searches abort early along the OVERT curve, and (4) improper choice of methods and/or parameters can reduce optimization benefits by 22–33%.     

Distributed coordinated signal timing optimization in connected transportation networks

This paper presents a Distributed-Coordinated methodology for signal timing optimization in connected urban street networks. The underlying assumption is that all vehicles and intersections are connected and intersections can share information with each other. The novelty of the work arises from reformulating the signal timing optimization problem from a central architecture, where all signal timing parameters are optimized in one mathematical program, to a decentralized approach, where a mathematical program controls the timing of only a single intersection. As a result of this distribution, the complexity of the problem is significantly reduced thus, the proposed approach is real-time and scalable. Furthermore, distributed mathematical programs continuously coordinate with each other to avoid finding locally optimal solutions and to move towards global optimality. We proposed a real-time and scalable solution technique to solve the problem and applied it to several case study networks under various demand patterns. The algorithm controlled queue length and maximized intersection throughput (between 1% and 5% increase compared to the actuated coordinated signals optimized in VISTRO) and reduced travel time (between 17% and 48% decrease compared to actuated coordinated signals) in all cases.     

基于配气正时的柴油机高排气背压性能优化

针对目前柴油机在高排气背压下泵气功损失增加、残余废气系数升高、燃油经济性下降等性能恶化的问题,提出通过优化配气正时来解决此类问题的方案。利用GT‐Power软件对LD1110单缸柴油机建立仿真计算模型,对上述解决方案进行了分析研究。计算结果表明：排气背压为0．3 M Pa、进气提前角保持不变、喷油量为45 mg时,柴油机在转速2200 r／min下通过优化排气晚关角可以使平均有效压力提高28．33％,有效燃油消耗率降低22．08％;排气背压由0．1 M Pa增大到0．3 M Pa时,通过配气正时优化,柴油机在转速2000 r／min下平均有效压力的损失可减小12．8％,有效燃油消耗率的增加可降低27．1％。     

基于时序特征的城市轨道交通客流预测

通过分析城市轨道交通客流量的时序特征和RBF神经网络的作用机理,将具有不同时序特征的数据分别用不同的神经网络进行处理,建立了基于客流时序特征的并行加权神经网络模型,并用该模型对北京市城市轨道交通各条线路的客流进行预测.结果表明,各线路客流量预测结果的平均绝对百分误差均在10％以下,小于单个神经网络的预测误差,提高了预测精度.     

近距离错位交叉口的新型交通渠化方法

城市道路中有一类特殊的平面交叉口--近距离错位交叉口,如果处理不当会对道路通行能力和行车安全带来不利影响。要想最大程度地利用现有条件,实现近距离交叉口的合理控制,就需要根据交叉口的地理位置、交通环境、交通结构组成等进行综合调控。以天津市西湖道-红旗路-雅安道错位交叉口为例,结合实际情况,提出多个优化方案,利用微观交通仿真软件VISSIM,进行模拟仿真分析,找出最优方案,并探讨实施条件,具有一定的实际意义。     

N2O／H2富燃火炬式点火器研究

本文介绍N2O/H2富燃火炬式点火器的初步研究情况,包括结构设计和试验结果。该点火器具有结构独特、设计灵活、启动快速、点火能量高而且无毒无污染的特点,试验表明:点火器可在较宽的工况范围内可靠地重复生成稳定的点火火炬。     

汽车变码式数码钥匙点火锁

汽车使用变码式数码钥匙点火锁能够有效地解决汽车被盗的问题，而且具有在汽车、摩托车上普及的价格基础，其市场前景可观。以普通桑塔纳轿车的晶体管点火控制装置为例，阐述了变码式数码钥匙点火锁的结构、工作原理及工作过程。     

基于贯入阻力测试系统的聚氨酯混凝土压实时机确定方法

为了解决实际工程中聚氨酯混凝土因强度形成影响因素多而导致压实时机难以确定的问题，提出一种便捷直观的压实时机确定方法。首先针对自主研发的聚氨酯混凝土设计了一种贯入阻力测试系统，将容许空隙率（1.5%~4.0%）作为压实效果评价标准，通过重复性试验确定可压实贯入阻力范围值，提出以聚氨酯混凝土贯入阻力量化其固化反应程度的方法，进一步建立以催化剂用量为唯一可控因素的施工可压实时间预测模型。试验结果表明：在温度、湿度及催化剂用量代表性组合的试验条件下，当聚氨酯混凝土的贯入阻力在可压实贯入阻力值范围（0.20 kN±0.03 kN）内时，其马歇尔试件空隙率可满足容许空隙率（1.5%~4.0%）范围要求，相应的可压实时间预测模型相关系数高（R²=0.89）且差异性极显著。工程实例验证了该方法的可行性及可靠性。