Crash analysis and dynamical behaviour of light road and rail vehicles

The main goal of crashworthiness is to ensure that vehicles are safer for occupants, cargo and other road or rail users. The crash analysis of vehicles involves structural impact and occupant biomechanics. The traditional approaches to crashworthiness not only do not take into account the full vehicle dynamics, but also uncouple the structural impact and the occupant biomechanics in the crash study. The most common strategy is to obtain an acceleration pulse from a vehicle structural impact analysis or experimental test, very often without taking into account the effect of suspensions in its dynamics, and afterwards feed this pulse into a rigid occupant compartment that contains models of passengers. Multibody dynamics is the most common methodology to build and analyse vehicle models for occupant biomechanics, vehicle dynamics and, with ever increasing popularity, structural crash analysis. In this work, the aspects of multibody modelling relevant to road and rail vehicles and to occupant biomechanical modelling are revised. Afterwards, it is shown how multibody models of vehicles and occupants are used in crash analysis. The more traditional aspects of vehicle dynamics are then introduced in the vehicle models in order to appraise their importance in the treatment of certain types of impact scenarios for which the crash outcome is sensitive to the relative orientation and alignment between vehicles. Through applications to the crashworthiness of road and of rail vehicles, selected problems are discussed and the need for coupled models of vehicle structures, suspension subsystems and occupants is emphasized.     

体外预应力对简支梁桥冲击系数影响的研究

通过对普通简支梁桥冲击系数计算方法的分析入手,对体外预应力结构加固后的简支梁桥冲击系数计算方法进行了研究。通过两者的对比,得出体外预应力结构对简支梁桥冲击系数的影响。同时指出了在应用体外预应力方法进行桥梁加固时,应对加固后各构件的振动特性进行分析,以免各构件因共振等原因发生破坏。     

朝阳凌凤钢管混凝土拱桥荷载试验

对朝阳的一座540m钢管混凝土拱桥,进行了通车前的动载试验,动力特性试验进行了模态测试以及跑车、刹车、跳车试验,获得了大桥固有频率和模态、动力荷载作用下的冲击系数,了解了该桥在建成后的工作状态和安全承载能力.     

《建设项目交通影响评价技术标准》简析

住房和城乡建设部组织编制的《建设项目交通影响评价技术标准》（CJJ/T 141—2010,以下简称《标准》）于2010年3月31日获批,将于2010年9月1日起实施。对其重要技术规定进行解读有助于贯宣《标准》和指导建设项目交通影响评价工作。简要介绍了《标准》的主要编制原则以及内容要点,并对《标准》的适用范围进行解析。重点解读《标准》中的技术规定,包括交通影响评价与法定规划的关系,建设项目分类,评价启动阈值,评价范围、年限、时段与评价日,交通需求分析与交通影响程度评价体系,以及交通改善措施与评价等。最后,对《标准》的实施提出了若干建议。     

抛石强夯与蓝派冲击压实在填海路基工程中的应用

本文研究了点夯、蓝派冲击式压实机的工作原理,结合工程实例,软基处理环境复杂,施工技术要求高,难度大等特点,阐述了该工艺的施工原理、施工方法、质量控制措施,并对该工艺的优点进行了总结,此方案的实施对填海路基的实际施工具有重要的指导性意义。     

带斗门机在物料冲击漏斗载荷下的动态特性分析

对物料冲击漏斗全过程进行瞬态动力学分析,对冲击载荷及带斗门机动态特性进行分析计算,运用数值仿真技术得到其位移响应表达式及位移响应曲线,为结构优化设计和带斗门机动力学分析提供理论依据。     

路面刻槽引起的车辆振动分析

建立了双自由度的1/4车辆振动模型,把路面刻槽的函数作为输入激励,对路面刻槽引起的车辆振动进行了分析。分析结果表明:行车速度对于冲击系数的影响很小,可以忽略不计;而随着路面刻槽槽深和槽宽的增大、槽间距的减小,车辆的冲击系数会增大。     

识别中低高度桥墩自振频率的冲击振动试验法

在分析既有频率识别方法的基础上,对利用冲击振动试验识别中低高度桥墩频率的方法进行研究.桥墩在白噪声冲击荷载作用下的速度响应频谱非常复杂,往往出现多个卓越频率,如果仅一个卓越频率对应180°相位角,则可明确判定其为桥墩的自振频率,其他卓越频率可能为相邻梁或桥墩的自振频率,可通过分析它们自身响应频谱的方法进行频率认定.如果出现桥墩响应频谱中多个卓越频率对应180°相位角的情况,需要结合相位曲线特征进行频率识别满足相位曲线连续横跨180°线的卓越频率是桥墩的自振频率,相位曲线在其后出现突降的卓越频率仍就是相邻梁或墩的干扰频率.用冲击振动试验法可以对桥墩响应频谱中的干扰频率进行鉴别,准确识别出中低高度桥墩的自振频率.     

Development of a Secondary Crash Identification Algorithm and occurrence pattern determination in large scale multi-facility transportation network

Secondary crash (SC) occurrences are non-recurrent in nature and lead to significant increase in traffic delay and reduced safety. National, state, and local agencies are investing substantial amount of resources to identify and mitigate secondary crashes in order to reduce congestion, related fatalities, injuries, and property damages. Though a relatively small portion of all crashes are secondary, their identification along with the primary contributing factors is imperative. The objective of this study is to develop a procedure to identify SCs using a static and a dynamic approach in a large-scale multimodal transportation networks. The static approach is based on pre-specified spatiotemporal thresholds while the dynamic approach is based on shockwave principles. A Secondary Crash Identification Algorithm (SCIA) was developed to identify SCs on networks. SCIA was applied on freeways using both the static and the dynamic approach while only static approach was used for arterials due to lack of disaggregated traffic flow data and signal-timing information. SCIA was validated by comparison to observed data with acceptable results from the regression analysis. SCIA was applied in the State of Tennessee and results showed that the dynamic approach can identify SCs with better accuracy and consistency. The methodological framework and processes proposed in this paper can be used by agencies for SC identification on networks with minimal data requirements and acceptable computational time.     

人民币升值对出口企业的影响研究

至2008年6月,人民币汇率已破7大关,使得我国出口产品的竞争力明显减弱,外贸企业的利润大幅减少,这不仅抑制了出口积极性,同时也加大了出口企业的外汇风险。出口企业应该积极进行产品结构调整,运用出口信用保险,推动市场多元化,实施“走出去”战略才能缓解人民币升值的压力。