汽车碰撞行人交通伤害特点分析

旨在研究道路交通事故中行人损伤的发生特点、事故类型以及损伤机制,从而调查交通事故中行人、车辆以及环境三者之间的关系。事故分析对行人的年龄分布、性别、损伤部位以及严重程度、车辆类型进行了研究,对典型案例进行了详细分析,并进行了AIS、GCS分级。讨论了行人损伤的事故特点,提出了影响行人损伤的因素,讨论了车辆交通环境和道路使用者之间的关系。     

Accident severity analysis using ordered probit model

To reduce injuries in road crashes, better understanding is needed between the relationship of injury severity and risk factors. This study seeks to identify the contributing factors affecting crash severity with broad considerations of driver characteristics, roadway features, vehicle types, pedestrian characteristics and crash characteristics using an ordered probit model. It also explores how the interaction of these factors will affect accident severity risk. Three types of accidents were investigated: two-vehicle crashes, single vehicle crashes and pedestrian accidents. The reported crash data in Singapore from 1992 to 2001 were used to illustrate the process of parameter estimation. Several factors such as vehicle type, road type, collision type, location type, pedestrian age, time of day of accident occurrence were found to be significantly associated with injury severity. It was also found that injury severity decreases over time for the three types of accident investigated.     

Energy loss in vehicle collisions from permanent deformation: an extension of the ‘Triangle Method’

The paper presents an extension of the ‘Triangle Method’, to evaluate the energy loss in road accidents. The improvement of the method allows to evaluate the energy loss by both the colliding vehicles in car to car impacts, considering the main possible configurations of accident. The limits of applicability of the method are those of the Campbell's method [K.E. Campbell, Energy basis for collision severity, SAE paper 740565, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1974; A.G. Fonda, Principles of crush energy determination, SAE 1999-01-0106, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1999; N.S. Tumbas and R.A. Smith, Measurement protocol for quantifying vehicle damage from an energy basis point of view, SAE paper 880072, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1988; G.A. Nystrom, G. Kost, and S.M. Werner, Stiffness parameters for vehicle collision analysis, SAE paper 910119, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1991; J.A. Neptune, G.Y. Blair, and J.E. Flynn, A method for quantifying vehicle crush stiffness coefficients, SAE paper 920607, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1992]. The advantage over the usual methods are that the method does not require the knowledge of the stiffness of the vehicles and only two parameters are needed to define the damage geometry. The latter can be easily evaluated by visual inspection on a suitable photographical documentation of the damages, without the need to perform any direct measurement on the vehicles. Furthermore, the method can be used also in the very frequent cases in which some of the damage data about one of the vehicles are missing or in accidents involving lateral parts of the vehicle as zones near the wheels or the front, that have different behaviour from that tested in the classical crash tests. The error analysis developed shows that the errors due to the application of the extended method are negligible and fall in the range generally considered acceptable in road accident reconstruction.     

Effects of head restraint and vehicle damage severity on neck injury risk

Domestic automobile insurance claims were investigated to correlate the driver neck injury risk with the safety rating of the head restraint, the severity of vehicle damage, and other human factors. The results of our statistical analysis reveal that the risk of neck injury for the driver is significantly different for vehicle size, use, driver gender, driver age, impact direction, accident location, and safety rating of head restraint, depending on vehicle the damage level which is assumed to imply impact severity during a rear-end crash accident. One of the unique findings from domestic insurance claims from low-speed rear-end crash accidents is the frequent reports of lower back injury together with whiplash. Thus, the risk of lower back discomfort is also included in this statistical analysis.     

金属橡胶减振器非线性建模及仿真研究

针对某型号金属橡胶减振器建立了非线性数学模型,并利用最小二乘法对模型进行了参数识别。应用所建减振器模型对柴油机—悬置系统进行了动力学建模和仿真,得到了质心动态特性曲线,并对柴油机整机振动烈度进行计算。最后对整机进行了振动烈度试验,并对试验与仿真计算结果进行比较,证实了所建模型的正确性。     

学生到企业实习发生人身伤害的归责思考

法律保护的缺位,导致了实习生到企业实习发生人身伤害的问题处理起来相当棘手。通过对实习生身份定性以及实习单位、学校侵权责任的分析,以此来探究,实习生实习期间人身损害赔偿纠纷处理的途径和方法。     

汽车与不同形式高速公路护栏碰撞的试验研究

汽车与高速公路护栏碰撞事故中,护栏不仅有拦截、导向作用,还要有良好的缓冲吸能特性,以减小由于乘坐空间过度变形以及人与车内物体二次碰撞对乘员的伤害。通过实车与两种不同形式护栏的碰撞试验,研究车辆、护栏碰撞中的动态响应,分析护栏、汽车和乘员的特性以及相互关系;护栏的不同结构形式与安装方式对乘员的安全性的影响,为高速公路护栏的设计、施工以及在不同地点的设置提供有益的借鉴。     

基于冲突严重性划分的公路平交口安全评价

以公路平交口为研究对象,引入交通冲突技术定量分析交通安全状况,提出应考虑不同严重程度的冲突对交通安全的影响。通过录像观测冲突距离、冲突速度参数,间接获得了一般冲突和严重冲突的TTC指标,并借助累积频率分析的方法,界定出我国公路平交口交通冲突严重性的判定标准,为冲突的分类采集提供了依据。结合对交通量参数的观测,以分时段不同严重程度的冲突数与交通量的比值作为评价指标,运用灰色理论的相关计算方法,对多项评价指标进行聚类分析,得到所调查的8个公路平交口的安全评价结果。     

The effects of lighting on driver's injury severity at highway‐rail grade crossings

This study estimates the safety effect of illumination on accidents at highway‐rail grade crossings in the United States, using data from exhaustive data from Federal Railroad Administration database covering the period 2002–2011. Using mixed logit modeling approach, the study explores the determinants of driver injury severity at unlighted highway‐rail grade crossings compared with lighted highway‐rail grade crossings in the United States. Several key issues are explored including availability of relevant highway‐rail grade crossing accident inventory data; relevant data element structures; specification and estimation of models to estimate driver's injury severity with lighting and without lighting; and techniques to interpret model parameters. Overall, highway‐rail grade crossing lighting improves safety by reducing the probability of high‐level injury severity through improvements in driver's visibility compared with unlighted intersections. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Real‐time identification of traffic conditions prone to injury and non‐injury crashes on freeways using genetic programming

This study applied the genetic programming (GP) model to identify traffic conditions prone to injury and property‐damage‐only (PDO) crashes in different traffic states on freeways. It was found that the traffic conditions prone to injury and PDO crashes can be classified into a high‐speed and a low‐speed traffic state. The random forest (RF) analyses were conducted to identify the contributing factors to injury and PDO crashes in these two traffic states. Four separate GP models were then developed to link the risks of injury and PDO crashes in two traffic states to the variables selected by the RF. An overall GP model was also developed for the combined dataset. It was found that the separate GP models that considered different traffic states and crash severity provided better predictive performance than the overall model, and the traffic flow variables that affected injury and PDO crashes were quite different across different traffic states. The proposed GP models were also compared with the traditional logistic regression models. The results suggested that the GP models outperformed the logistic regression models in terms of the prediction accuracy. More specifically, the GP models increased the prediction accuracy of injury crashes by 10.7% and 8.0% in the low‐speed and high‐speed traffic states. For PDO crashes, the GP models increased the prediction accuracy by 7.4% and 6.0% in the low‐speed and high‐speed traffic states. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.