上海液化天然气（LNG）接收站陆域形成工程设计

针对外海孤岛、海域软基及陆域形成多项分项工程条件,以工程土石方总体平衡为原则,进行了上海液化天然气（LNG）接收站陆域形成工程总体设计。设计的海堤结构、陆域形成及地基处理方案既满足LNG接收站较高场地使用要求,且等级高又较经济。可为类似陆域形成工程设计提供参考。     

江苏LNG码头海域动力条件和冲淤变化特点

重点介绍江苏LNG码头的现状和附近海域的动力条件,通过对工程海区数年间多次水下地形测量成果的对比分析,探讨江苏LNG码头建设以来所在海区的水下地形冲淤变化的特点、影响因素和可能的发展趋势,分析海域动力环境和水下地形冲淤变化对LNG船舶进、出港及码头靠泊作业的影响,并提出应对措施的建议。     

强制性EEDI要求对LNG船适用性分析

通过对世界范围内近10年间建造的LNG船的评估分析,证明目前IMO在MEPC62届会议以MEPC.203(62)决议通过的MARPOL附则VI框架下的船舶能效条款中关于气体运输船的参考线对LNG船而言是不适合的,并提出LNG船的参考线设定建议,对国内LNG船的设计建造有借鉴意义。     

Comparison of energy demands of drone-based and ground-based parcel delivery services

Drones are one of the most intensively studied technologies in logistics in recent years. They combine technological features matching current trends in transport industry and society like autonomy, flexibility, and agility. Among the various concepts for using drones in logistics, parcel delivery is one of the most popular application scenarios. Companies like Amazon test drones particularly for last-mile delivery intending to achieve both reducing total cost and increasing customer satisfaction by fast deliveries. As drones are electric vehicles, they are also often claimed to be an eco-friendly mean of transportation.In this paper an energy consumption model for drones is proposed to describe the energy demand for drone deliveries depending on environmental conditions and the flight pattern. The model is used to simulate the energy demand of a stationary parcel delivery system which serves a set customers from a depot. The energy consumed by drones is compared to the energy demand of Diesel trucks and electric trucks serving the same customers from the same depot.The results indicate that switching to a solely drone-based parcel delivery system is not worthwhile from an energetic perspective in most scenarios. A stationary drone-based parcel delivery system requires more energy than a truck-based parcel delivery system particularly in urban areas where customer density is high and truck tours are comparatively short. In rather rural settings with long distances between customers, a drone-based parcel delivery system creates an energy demand comparable to a parcel delivery system with electric trucks provided environmental conditions are moderate.     

Short-term planning of liquefied natural gas deliveries

The ability of a supplier of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to deliver cargoes at desired times, while effectively managing a fleet of cryogenic vessels can significantly impact its profits. We investigate in this paper an LNG short-term delivery planning problem by considering mandatory cargoes as well as optional cargoes to select, along with the scheduling of a heterogeneous vessel fleet with controllable cruising speeds. Several technical constraints are accommodated including time windows, berth availability, bunkering restrictions, inventory, liquefaction terminal storage capacity, maximum waiting time, and planned maintenance restrictions. The objective is to maximize the net profit.We propose a mixed-integer programming formulation that includes a polynomial number of variables and constraints and accommodates all of the problem features. Also, we describe an optimization-based variable neighborhood search procedure that embeds the proposed compact formulation. To assess the quality of the generated solutions, we propose a second valid formulation with an exponential number of decision variables and we solve its linear programming relaxation using column generation. We provide the results of extensive computational results that were carried out on a set of large-scale set of realistic instances, with up to 62 vessels and 160 cargoes, provided by a major LNG producer. These results provide evidence that the proposed improvement procedure yields high-quality solutions.     

Does driving behavior matter? An analysis of fuel consumption data from heavy-duty trucks

In a case study of a Norwegian heavy-duty truck transport company, we analyzed data generated by the online fleet management system Dynafleet. The objective was to find out what influenced fuel consumption. We used a set of driving indicators as explanatory variables: load weight, trailer type, route, brake horsepower, average speed, automatic gearshift use, cruise-control use, use of more than 90% of maximum torque, a dummy variable for seasonal variation, use of running idle, use of driving in highest gear, brake applications, number of stops and rolling without engine load. We found, via multivariate regression analysis and corresponding mean elasticity analysis, that with driving on narrow mountainous roads, variables associated with infrastructure and vehicle properties have a larger influence than driver-influenced variables do. However, we found that even under these challenging infrastructure conditions, driving behavior matters. Our findings and analysis could help transport companies decide how to use fleet management data to reduce fuel consumption by choosing the right vehicle for each transportation task and identifying environmentally and economically benign ways of driving.     

An investment appraisal method to compare LNG-fueled and conventional vessels

Ever stricter emission regulations stimulate vessel owners to consider the adoption of alternative marine fuels, such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). In deciding whether to invest in LNG-fueled vessels, initial investment and operating costs are decisive factors that have not yet been fully studied in the literature. In this paper, we present a new investment appraisal method to compare the costs of LNG-fueled vessels with conventional vessels. We analyze the fuel costs and overall exploitation costs by simulating bunker planning decisions under stochastic fuel prices, presence in emission controlled areas, and route lengths. Our analyses reveal that the fuel costs of LNG-fueled vessels are often lower than those of conventional vessels, even under unfavorable LNG prices. Due to the higher initial investment costs in LNG-fueled vessels, these fuel cost reductions do not always translate into lower overall exploitation costs. By conducting numerical experiments, we identified conditions under which the exploitation costs of LNG-fueled vessels are lower than conventional vessels.     

Real option analysis for environmental compliance: LNG and emission control areas

A wide array of technical and operational solutions is available to shipowners in order to comply with existing and upcoming environmental regulation within Emission Control Areas (ECAs). Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a promising alternative since it offers potential cost savings in addition to ensuring compliance with ECA regulation. But investment to retrofit existing vessels to be able to use LNG carries significant upfront costs, and a high degree of uncertainty remains on the differential between the prices of LNG and conventional maritime fuels, as well as on the availability of LNG and the reliability of its supply chain. New technologies such as LNG inherently carry substantial risk and an ill-chosen investment strategy may have irreversible consequences that could jeopardise the future of the shipping company. One important question is whether interested owners should invest in LNG now to comply with ECA rules in 2015 and reap the benefits of lower LNG prices, or whether it would be advisable to wait until some of the uncertainty is resolved.While traditional discounted cash flow techniques are unable to account for the value of managerial flexibility linked, for example, to the possibility of deferring an investment, real option analysis can be used to analyse such cases. The paper discusses the optimal time for investment in LNG retrofit and takes specific account of the value of an investment deferral strategy versus the advantages obtainable from the immediate exploitation of fuel price differentials. Through the use of a real option model the paper shows that there is a trade-off between low fuel prices and capital expenses for investment in LNG retrofit. The development in LNG is critically dependent on its future price as well as the reduction in capital costs and ship retrofitting costs. In this respect, policy makers can play a critical role in providing support to advance technical knowledge, maintain LNG prices at favourable levels and in avoiding ambiguity on regulation.     

天然气船舶运输新技术应用分析

针对当前国际能源市场的发展态势，本文对呼声最高的石油替代产品——天然气的最新运输技术进行了比较分析。指出由于压缩天然气（CNG）运输成本低、安全便捷的突出特点，CNG船舶运输必将成为天然气中、小储量运输和短距离海上运输的最佳运输方式。     

沥青砼路面机械施工系统资源优化配置(Ⅱ)——系统资源的动态优化

分析了影响沥青砼路面机械化施工系统运行状态的因素,通过对其内部因素的调整,提出了变工况条件下动态优化系统配置的方法及程序.