钢桥疲劳裂纹的扩展研究及寿命评估

钢桥的疲劳破坏是由于微裂纹在循变荷载作用下萌生、发展而来。文章利用损伤力学分析钢桥构件的微观裂纹和宏观裂纹的形态、特征及发展过程,建立有限元模型分析裂纹的发展状态,并通过数学模型评估了钢桥的剩余寿命。     

既有桥梁改造方案经济分析模型的构建

在确定既有桥梁各种改造方案的基础上,从工程经济的原理出发,在桥梁全寿命期内,考虑所有可能发生的费用,建立桥梁的全寿命周期费用模型(平均年费用模型),并且对加固、重建方案的平均年费用进行相互比较、分析。同时还基于平均年费用的分析模式,对桥梁的经济使用寿命进行了预测。     

Effects of providing total cost of ownership information on consumers’ intent to purchase a hybrid or plug-in electric vehicle

Energy-saving technologies have a difficult time being widely accepted in the marketplace when they have a high initial purchase price and deferred financial benefits. Consumers might not realize that, in the long-run, the financial benefits from reduced energy consumption offset much or all of the initial price premium. One strategy to address consumer misconception of this advantage is to supply information on the “total cost of ownership”, a metric which accounts for the purchase price, the cost of the fuel, and other costs over the ownership period. In this article, we investigate how providing information on five-year fuel cost savings and total cost of ownership affects the stated preferences of consumers to purchase a gasoline, conventional hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or battery electric vehicle. Through an online survey with an embedded experimental design using distinct labels, we find that respondent rankings of vehicles are unaffected by information on five-year fuel cost savings. However, adding information about total cost of ownership increases the probability that small/mid-sized car consumers express a preference to acquire a conventional hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or a battery-electric vehicle. No such effect is found for consumers of small sport utility vehicles. Our results are consistent with other findings in the behavioral economics literature and suggest that further evaluation of the effects of providing consumers with information on the total cost of vehicle ownership is warranted.     

现役散货船纵向构件蚀耗率的概率估算

该文以现役散货船测厚报告的数据料为基础,设船体纵向件的蚀耗率为服从威布尔分布的随顶变量,对其数字特征进行估算,并以其频率近似概率,给出了各构件蚀耗率的概率密度曲线、概率率分布曲线及超概率分布曲线。结合参考文献提供的数据,计算出了外板和内底板蚀耗率的均值随船龄变化曲线,从而为船体结构的强度评估和寿命预测提供了有益的参考依据。     

在真实的生活语境下进行英语词汇教学

扩展学生的词汇是每一个大学英语老师的重要任务,而充分利用我们周围真实的生活语境进行词汇教学则是不可多得的教学方法。文章探讨了在真实的生活语境下进行英语的词汇教学的主客观基础及具体措施。     

Life cycle assessment of large scale timber bridges: A case study from the world’s longest timber bridge design in Norway

This paper seeks to use life cycle assessment to investigate the comparative environmental impacts of two proposed bridge designs for the new Mjøsa Bridge over Lake Mjøsa in Norway. The Norwegian Public Roads Administration has designed one timber and one concrete alternative for the 1650 m 4-lane highway bridge. If the timber bridge design is chosen, it will be the longest timber bridge in the world once constructed.The main motivation for building the timber bridge is to utilize local industry and to reduce environmental impacts in road infrastructure. This study aims to determine the expected emissions from both construction designs by using life cycle assessment. Life cycle assessment studies on smaller timber bridges have been carried out in the past with favorable results towards timber designs, but no bridge of this scale has been built and therefore a more comprehensive study is required to confirm if a timber bridge of this size is a sustainable choice for transport infrastructure.The results of the study show that the timber bridge has significantly lower emissions than the concrete bridge across all impact categories included in the scope of this study. Additional environmental gains can be made from end-of-life treatment of materials. This study shows that large scale timber bridge designs should be considered for future road projects.     

Time-based life-cycle assessment for environmental policymaking: Greenhouse gas reduction goals and public transit

As decision-makers increasingly embrace life-cycle assessment (LCA) and target transportation services for regional environmental goals, it becomes imperative that outcomes from changes to transportation infrastructure systems are accurately estimated. Greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction policies have created interest in better understanding how public transit systems reduce emissions. Yet the use of average emission factors (e.g., grams CO₂e per distance traveled) persists as the state-of-the-art masking the variations in emissions across time, and confounding the ability to accurately estimate the environmental effects from changes to transit infrastructure and travel behavior. An LCA is developed of the Expo light rail line and a competing car trip (in Los Angeles, California) that includes vehicle, infrastructure, and energy production processes, in addition to propulsion. When results are normalized per passenger kilometer traveled (PKT), life-cycle processes increase energy use and GHG emissions up to 83%, and up to 690% for smog and respiratory impact potentials. However, the use of a time-independent PKT normalization obfuscates a decision-maker’s ability to understand whether the deployment of a transit system reduces emissions below a future year policy target (e.g., 80% of 1990 emissions by 2050). The year-by-year marginal effects of the decision to deploy the Expo line are developed including reductions in automobile travel. The time-based marginal results provide clearer explanations for how environmental effects in a region change and the critical life-cycle processes that should be targeted to achieve policy targets. It shows when environmental impacts payback and how much reduction is achieved by a policy-specified future year.     

沥青混合料搅拌设备选配导热油加热器的方法

为解决当前施工单位在沥青混合料搅拌设备选配导热油加热器时存在的实际问题，通过给出的导热油加热器的发热量、导热油循环泵流量和扬程以及沥育罐热交换面积的具体计算方法，从而可方便地选择适宜设备实际工况的导热油加热器。     

Electric versus conventional vehicles: social costs and benefits in France

This article compares the social costs of electric vehicles with those of conventional, thermal vehicles for typical passenger use in the Ile-de-France region (Greater Paris), a case of particular interest because nearly 80% of the electricity is generated by nuclear power plants. A four-seat electric car is compared to a new conventional car of the same make and model; for the latter both the gasoline and the diesel version are considered because almost half of new car sales in France are diesel. These results are also compared to typical existing diesel and gasoline vehicles in the current French fleet. The methodology developed by the ExternE (External Costs of Energy) Project of the European Commission is used to estimate the costs associated with atmospheric pollution due to power plants, refineries and tail pipe emissions. Our discussion of externalities is limited to air pollution thus excluding others such as costs associated with noise or accidents. Our results imply that the external costs are large and significant, even when one considers the uncertainties. If internalized by government regulations, these externalities can render the total cost of an electric vehicle more competitive with that of currently available thermal vehicles in large urban centers if the electricity is produced by sources with low pollution. However, the current generation electric vehicles are so expensive that internalization of pollution damage would not give it a very clear advantage.     

有轨电车运营模式与运输能力研究

在我国多个城市有轨电车的建设与运营过程中,系统运输能力及其提高措施难以确定。结合国内外已运营线路的经验与新线设计中的模拟分析,对有轨电车运营模式、运输能力以及服务标准进行研究,探讨运输能力影响因素与关键技术标准,提出在半专用路权、路口开放的线路条件下,有轨电车的运营模式应灵活设置,路口控制周期控制在150 s以内,最小发车间隔在高峰时段建议3～6 min,舒适度标准建议采用5～6人/㎡的站席标准;提出优化有轨电车运输能力的措施,如行车计划与信号优先系统匹配、提高有轨电车在封闭区间的运行速度等。