津滨轻轨常用跨度桥梁结构型式的选择

津滨轻轨工程近 40km采用高架桥梁 ,选定合理的桥梁结构型式至关重要。根据工程及现场的实际情况 ,明确桥型选择原则 ,同时提出 7种桥型结构 ,分别论述其各自的技术特点 ;并结合地基基础实际情况 ,全面进行技术经济比较 ,提出推荐的桥梁结构类型     

中国公路货运枢纽规模分布的分形特征

为了定量描述中国公路货运枢纽体系结构现状, 将公路货运量作为货运枢纽的规模参数, 推导了分维数的计算公式, 选取1997~2007年的货运量统计数据, 计算了200个公路货运枢纽规模分布的分维数。数据拟合发现: 1997~1999年公路货运枢纽的规模分布具有双分形特征, 2000~2007年的规模分布呈单分形结构, 且分维数介于1.464 6~1.570 1间, 公路货运枢纽体系的规模分布与城镇体系基本一致。分析结果表明: 中国公路货运枢纽体系规模分布从双分形到单分形的演化显示其发育较好, 需加强大型公路货运枢纽建设, 以进一步优化公路货运枢纽体系结构。     

Improving the estimation of total and direction-based heavy-duty vehicle annual average daily traffic

Abstract

The estimation of annual average daily traffic (AADT) is an important parameter collected and maintained by all US departments of transportation. There have been many past research studies that have focused on ways to improve the estimation of AADT. This paper builds upon previous research and compares eight methods, both traditional and cluster-based methodologies, for aggregating monthly adjustment factors for heavy-duty vehicles (US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) vehicle classes 4–13). In addition to the direct comparison between the methodologies, the results from the analysis of variance show at the 95% confidence level that the four cluster-based methods produce statistically lower variance and coefficient of variation over the more traditional approaches. In addition to these findings – which are consistent with previous total volume studies – further analysis is performed to compare total heavy-duty monthly adjustment factors, both directions of traffic, with direction-based monthly adjustment factors. The final results show that the variance as well as the coefficient of variation improve on average by 25% when directional aggregate monthly adjustment factors are used instead of total direction.     

内外集卡协同服务的码头集卡预约优化模型

针对码头集卡集中到达引起的拥堵问题, 提出了基于内外集卡协同服务的码头集卡预约优化模型, 建立了休假式排队系统, 设计了基于遗传算法的求解方法, 并利用算例验证了模型与算法的有效性。分析结果表明: 内部集卡在堆场的计算平均等待时间为14.31 min, 实际平均等待时间为15.11 min, 外部集卡在堆场的计算平均等待时间为20.65 min, 实际平均等待时间为21.55 min, 计算值与实际值相差较小; 预约优化后外部集卡在堆场的平均等待时间由20.65 min缩短为16.85 min, 码头集卡的平均等待成本由29.3元降低为24.1元。休假式排队可有效描述码头内部集卡和外部集卡的特征。可见, 集卡预约优化模型能有效降低码头集卡的等待成本与等待时间, 建议对集卡进行管理时应优先考虑减少内部集卡的等待时间。     

模拟计算法在重型车辆燃油经济性标准中的应用研究

随着节能减排压力的日益严重,世界各国均开始制定重型车辆的燃油经济性标准。在对重型车燃油经济性的测量方面,模拟计算法由于操作简单、可重复性好、成本低的优点越来越受到行业的重视,在日本、中国和美国的标准中都得到了应用。本文在分析模拟计算法测量车辆燃油经济性的原理基础上,对比研究了日本、中国和美国标准中模拟计算法的应用情况,分析了各国在模拟计算法关键环节上策略的异同。     

降低重型车用柴油机废气排放的技术措施

在维持重型车用柴油机良好的燃油经济性的同时，降低其氮氧化物（NOx）和微粒（PM）排放的关键，是燃烧过程的进一步优化。阐述了喷油系统的改进、燃烧室设计的优化、4气门低涡流和可变涡流结构的采用等技术措施的潜力，以及一些诸如排气再循环、喷水和掺烧清洁燃料等附加措施的效果     

新一代轻型汽车用N系列变速器

介绍了Ｎ系列变速器和４Ｔ１７变速器的结构和技术特点。并对２种变速器进行了性能对比。试验结果表明，Ｎ系列变速器适合多种车型，具有很强的扩展变型能力。     

Microbial food web responses to light and nutrients beneath the coastal Arctic Ocean sea ice during the winter–spring transition

We measured the abundance and biomass of phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes in the upper mixed layer of the water column in ice-covered Franklin Bay, Beaufort Sea, Canada, from December 2003 to May 2004, and evaluated the influence of light and nutrients on these communities by way of a shipboard enrichment experiment. Bacterial cell concentrations showed no consistent trends throughout the sampling period, averaging (± SD) 2.4 (0.9) × 10⁸ cells L^− 1; integrated bacterial biomass for the upper mixed layer ranged from 1.33 mg C m^− 3 to 3.60 mg C m^− 3. Small cells numerically dominated the heterotrophic protist community in both winter and spring, but in terms of biomass, protists with a diameter > 10 µm generally dominated the standing stocks. Heterotrophic protist biomass integrated over the upper mixed layer ranged from 1.23 mg C m^− 3 to 6.56 mg C m^− 3. Phytoplankton biomass was low and variable, but persisted during the winter period. The standing stock of pigment-containing protists ranged from a minimum value of 0.38 mg C m^− 3 in winter to a maximal value of 6.09 mg C m^− 3 in spring and the most abundant taxa were Micromonas-like cells. These picoprasinophytes began to increase under the ice in February and their population size was positively correlated with surface irradiance. Despite the continuing presence of sea ice, phytoplankton biomass rose by more than an order of magnitude in the upper mixed layer by May. The shipboard experiment in April showed that this phototrophic increase in the community was not responsive to pulsed nutrient enrichment, with all treatments showing a strong growth response to improved irradiance conditions. Molecular (DGGE) and microscopic analyses indicated that most components of the eukaryotic community responded positively to the light treatment. These results show the persistence of a phototrophic inoculum throughout winter darkness, and the strong seasonal response by arctic microbial food webs to sub-ice irradiance in early spring.     

并联式混合动力环卫车电控系统可靠性研究

由于混合动力汽车添加了驱动电机、动力电池组、电机控制器、电池管理器、整车控制器等模块,使其电控系统更加复杂,电磁环境也更加苛刻,传统汽车电控系统设计难以保证其可靠性要求。本文以SX5256DH434PHEV型并联式混合动力环卫车为研究对象,应用分布式层次化控制策略,通过分析电控系统可靠性的影响因素(振动、电磁干扰、散热、防水),提出了并联式混合动力环卫车电控系统控制器与线束的布置方案;可靠性试验结果反映了电控系统设计的可行性和布置方案的合理性。