Understanding the impacts of a combination of service improvement strategies on bus running time and passenger’s perception

Transit agencies implement many strategies in order to provide an attractive transportation service. This article aims to evaluate the impacts of implementing a combination of strategies, designed to improve the bus transit service, on running time and passenger satisfaction. These strategies include using smart card fare collection, introducing limited-stop bus service, implementing reserved bus lanes, using articulated buses, and implementing transit signal priority (TSP). This study uses stop-level data collected from the Société de transport de Montréal (STM)’s automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger count (APC) systems, in Montréal, Canada. The combination of these strategies has lead to a 10.5% decline in running time along the limited stop service compared to the regular service. The regular route running time has increased by 1% on average compared to the initial time period. The study also shows that riders are generally satisfied with the service improvements. They tend to overestimate the savings associated with the implementation of this combination of strategies by 3.5-6.0 min and by 2.5-4.1 min for both the regular route and the limited stop service, respectively. This study helps transit planners and policy makers to better understand the effects of implementing a combination of strategies to improve running time and passenger’s perception of these changes in service.     

The determinants of long distance travel in Great Britain

This study analyses of the determinants of long distance travel in Great Britain using data from the 1995-2006 National Travel Surveys (NTSs). The main objective is to determine the effects of socio-economic, demographic and geographic factors on long distance travel. The estimated models express the distance travelled for long distance journeys as a function of income, gender, age, employment status, household characteristics, area of residence, size of municipality, type of residence and length of time living in the area. A time trend is also included to capture common changes in long distance travel over time not included in the explanatory variables. Separate models are estimated for total travel, travel by each of four modes (car, rail, coach and air), travel by five purposes (business, commuting, leisure, holiday and visiting friends and relatives (VFRs)) and two journey lengths (<150 miles and 150+ miles one way), as well as the 35 mode-purpose-distance combinations.The results show that long distance travel is strongly related to income: air is most income-elastic, followed by rail, car and finally coach. This is the case for most journey purposes and distance bands. Notable is the substantial difference in income elasticities for rail for business/commuting as opposed to holiday/leisure/VFR. In addition, the income elasticity for coach travel is very low, and zero for the majority of purpose-distance bands, suggesting coach travel to be an inferior mode in comparison to car, rail and air. Regarding journey distance, we find that longer distance journeys are more income elastic than shorter journeys.For total long distance travel, the study indicates that women travel less than men, the elderly less than younger people, the employed and students more than others, those in one adult households more than those in larger households and those in households with children less than those without. Long distance travel is also lowest for individuals living in London and greatest for those in the South West, and increases as the size of the municipality declines.     

卵石层小净距隧道关键参数研究

针对卵石地层小净距隧道围岩整体性与稳定性差、施工中易坍塌、围岩相互扰动大的问题,通过FLAC 3D数值模拟和现场监测,对卵石层小净距隧道左右洞合理净距和先后行洞掌子面安全纵向间距进行了研究。得到如下结论： 1）当净距不大于6 m时,隧道地表沉降槽呈“V形”,沉降最大点位于中夹岩顶部;随着净距大于6 m,隧道拱顶部位地表沉降逐渐超过中夹岩顶部,地表沉降槽呈 “W形”。2）当2洞间净距不大于6 m（约1倍洞跨）时,2洞开挖后围岩压力叠加效应明显,极易发生失稳;当隧道净距大于18 m时,可按分离式隧道进行设计; 3）随着先后行洞间掌子面纵向距离的增加,后行洞施工对先行洞的影响逐渐减少,当纵向间距达到30 m（4.6倍洞跨）时,这种影响基本可以不予考虑。     

钢板桩常规施工工艺及涂层受损问题

针对钢板桩施工问题,以马来西亚槟城吹填二期(STP2)工程为例,对Z型钢板沉桩机具选型及沉桩工艺进行研究。通过对比3种国外常用的钢板桩沉桩阻力估算方法及含导向架和无导向架施工的实际应用效果,优选出适合沉桩的振动锤型,并总结出两种沉桩方法的优劣性及适用情况,总结陆上钢板桩作业涂层常见受损问题及修复措施。     

浅海典型声速近程海底混响数值仿真

浅海混响以海底混响为主.本文选取对浅海近程海底混响贡献较大的声线采用射线声学理论,数值计算浅海3种典型声速分布下的海底混响时域信号和混响强度,分析声速分布、脉冲宽度及负跃层声速条件下声源深度对海底混响衰减的影响.计算结果表明:浅海近程混响强度随着时间振荡衰减,不同声速、不同声源深度下混响强度具有相似的衰减特性,但振荡衰减的"波峰"和"波谷"会随着声速分布、声源深度变化而变化.     

离线船舶机电设备振动采集仪系统设计

设计了离线振动采集仪的硬件系统,通过对传感器电源模块的进行了节电控制设计,优化振动信号的采集策略和采集节奏,提出了振动信号数据处理和存储方法,实现了无人关注下自主对船舶机电设备振动信号连续近百天的采集任务。应用结果显示,采集仪系统结果准确可靠,实现了全工况的实船振动数据的采集设备。     

公路隧道通风中射流风机纵向最小间距研究

射流风机纵向最小间距的确定对于风机正常经济的运行起着十分重要的作用。通过对射流风机工作原理和隧道内流态进行分析,依据射流力学的有关原理找到了影响射流风机纵向最小间距的因素和计算方法。确定射流风机纵向最小间距的计算方法通过工程类比和CFD软件数值模拟验证,符合真实情况,可为今后射流风机纵向最小间距的确定提供指导。     

城市快速路匝道最小间距模型

匝道间距是路线设计中的重要内容,对交通流有决定性的影响。根据城市快速匝道的特点,应用驾驶员行为理论,模拟了驾驶员城市快速匝道上的驾驶行为。认为匝道间距是影响城市快速路主线运行状况的关键因素。为了合理确定匝道最小间距,必须确定匝道组合模式和计算匝道加减速车道长度,并计算出车流从匝道汇入主线后,由于车流变道而形成交织车流长度。由此建立了不同匝道组合模式下的匝道最小间距模型。应用实例表明。当匝道间距不能满足最小间距时,车速降低,服务水平下降。     

Analytical Approach to Evaluating Transit Signal Priority

Successful deployment of transit signal priority (TSP) systems requires thorough laboratory evaluation before field implementation. Traffic simulation is a powerful tool in this regard; however, it requires tremendous efforts toward network coding, data collection, and model calibration. Besides, simulation models tend to be project specific, and the models developed for one project are often discarded upon the completion of that project. In this paper, it is shown that the impacts of two fundamental TSP strategies (early green and extended green) can be evaluated using an analytical approach. The impacts of the above two strategies on both the prioritized and the nonprioritized approaches are illustrated using graphical as well as analytical methods. A simulation study is then conducted for comparison analyses, followed by a statistical approach for the test of generality.     

公交信号优先控制策略研究综述

公交信号优先是提高公交系统运行速度和可靠性的重要手段。回顾公交信号优先控制40多年的研究成果,以总结该领域的总体研究脉络。对被动优先、主动优先、实时优先以及与不同设施相结合的信号优先控制策略进行了综述分析。研究表明,公交信号优先控制策略的发展历程是：控制的实时性逐步提高,优化要素的考虑逐渐全面,控制对象日益扩大,控制策略逐步系统化、适用性逐步增强。最后指出,公交信号优先控制多目标平衡、控制策略的协调与网络优先控制,以及控制与调度策略的协调优化是后续研究的重点,而公交车辆行程时间预测以及如何应对预测偏差带来的影响仍然是信号优先控制中的关键问题。