Assessment of a semi-Hertzian method for determination of wheel–rail contact patch

Wheel–rail contact calculations are essential for simulating railway vehicle dynamic behavior. Currently, these simulations usually use the Hertz contact theory to calculate normal forces and Kalker's ‘FASTSIM’ program to evaluate tangential stresses. Since 1996, new methods called semi-Hertzian have appeared: 5 Kik, W. and Piotrowski, J. A fast approximate method to calculate normal load at contact between wheel and rail and creep forces during rolling. Paper presented at the 2nd Mini-conference on Contact Mechanics and Wear of Rail/Wheel Systems. July29–31, Budapest.  [Google Scholar] 7 Ayasse, J. B., Chollet, H. and Maupu, J. L. 2000. Paramètres caractéristiques du contact roue-rail. Rapport de Recherche INRETS n225, ISSN 0768–9756 (in French) [Google Scholar] (STRIPES). These methods attempt to estimate the non-elliptical contact patches with a discrete extension of the Hertz theory. As a continuation of 2 Ayasse, J. B and Chollet, H. 2005. Determination of the wheel–rail contact patch in semi-Hertzian conditions. Vehicle System Dynamics, 43(3) [Google Scholar], a validation of the STRIPES method for normal problem computing on three test cases is proposed in this article. The test cases do not fulfill the hypothesis required for the Hertz theory. Then, the Kalker's FASTSIM algorithm is adapted to STRIPES patch calculus to perform tangential forces computation. This adaptation is assessed using Kalker's CONTACT algorithm.     

醇胺与羧酸阻锈剂分子的构效评估与机理分析

钢筋阻锈剂是一种高性价比的钢筋防腐材料，在桥梁钢筋混凝土结构中应用广泛。有机阻锈剂的阻锈效率主要取决于其分子结构，然而受仪器设备分辨率所限，目前的相关研究多集中于宏观尺度的电化学响应分析，较少涉及微纳尺度的阻锈机理分析。因此，基于分子动力学技术，分别建立了阻锈剂与钢筋钝化膜的纳观尺度模型，模拟了醇胺类、羧酸类阻锈剂分子与钢筋钝化膜间的界面交互作用，揭示了原子尺度上的阻锈机理。基于阻锈剂-钝化膜分子动力学模型对其阻锈响应规律进行分析，确定2种有机分子均可有效阻碍氯离子在钢筋钝化膜表面的吸附和点蚀，其中羧酸类阻锈剂的阻锈效率更佳（75.8%）。通过深入探究2种阻锈剂与钢筋钝化膜基体吸附差异，研究发现：高极性的羧基官能团可与钢筋钝化膜表面的羟基发生强烈的静电吸引作用，使得羧酸类分子稳定地吸附在钝化膜表面，氯离子的吸附位点被大量占据，因而阻锈效率较高；而醇胺类分子由于官能团极性较弱，在界面上的吸附作用不显著；同时，分子模拟证明，阻锈剂中的极性官能团还能直接吸引氯离子，这一机制同样抑制了氯离子在钢筋表面的吸附和破坏；此外，电化学试验的结果与分子模拟一致，这表明分子模拟技术可在有机阻锈剂的分子设计与评估中发挥重要作用，继而为钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性设计提供科学依据与技术手段。     

Three-dimensional derailment analysis of crashed freight trains

In this paper, the collision-induced derailment of freight trains was investigated. The collision between two identical freight trains occurring on a curved path rather than along a straight line was investigated. This is because from the point of view of safety against derailment this collision scenario is thought to be more critical than the scenarios defined in the European standard EN 15227. In this work, one of the trains is stationary and the other moving train collides at 36 km/h. Two kinds of container wagons were simulated. One is the two-axle freight wagon Kls 442. Another is the freight wagon Rmms 662 with two Y25 bogies. Simulation results demonstrate that in terms of safety against derailment the bogie wagon Rmms 662 was found to have better behaviour than the two-axle wagon Kls 442. In addition, this study points out that there are many contributory factors to the responses of freight wagons during a collision, such as curve radius, distance between bogie pivots and loading mass. The derailment phenomenon is less likely to occur, when freight trains collide on the curve with a larger radius. Besides that the characteristics of freight wagons with large axle loads, low centre of gravity of car body and appropriate static strength are favourable for the collided wagons in reducing the risk of derailment.     

A fast-simplified wheel–rail contact model consistent with perfect plastic materials

A method is described which is an extension of rolling contact models with respect to plasticity. This new method, which is an extension of the STRIPES semi-Hertzian (SH) model, has been implemented in a multi-body-system (MBS) package and does not result in a longer execution time than the STRIPES SH model [J.B. Ayasse and H. Chollet, Determination of the wheel–rail contact patch in semi-Hertzian conditions, Veh. Syst. Dyn. 43(3) (2005), pp. 161–172]. High speed of computation is obtained by some hypotheses about the plastic law, the shape of stresses, the locus of the maximum stress and the slip. Plasticity does not change the vehicle behaviour but there is a need for an extension of rolling contact models with respect to plasticity as far as fatigue analysis of rail is concerned: rolling contact fatigue may be addressed via the finite element method (FEM) including material non-linearities, where loads are the contact stresses provided by the post-processing of MBS results [K. Dang Van, M.H. Maitournam, Z. Moumni, and F. Roger, A comprehensive approach for modeling fatigue and fracture of rails, Eng. Fract. Mech. 76 (2009), pp. 2626–2636]. In STRIPES, like in other MBS models, contact stresses may exceed the plastic yield criterion, leading to wrong results in the subsequent FEM analysis. With the proposed method, contact stresses are kept consistent with a perfect plastic law, avoiding these problems. The method is benchmarked versus non-linear FEM in Hertzian geometries. As a consequence of taking plasticity into account, contact patch area is bigger than the elastic one. In accordance with FEM results, a different ellipse aspect ratio than the one predicted by Hertz theory was also found and finally pressure does not exceed the threshold prescribed by the plastic law. The method also provides more exact results with non-Hertzian geometries. The new approach is finally compared with non-linear FEM in a tangent case with a unidirectional load and a complete slip: when plasticity is taken into account, and for large adhesion values, friction forces have an influence on the size of the contact patch. The proposed approach enables also to assess extensively the level of plasticity along a track through an indicator associated with a given yield stress.     

基于非线性模型预测控制的车辆纵向队列协调控制

本文中针对基于分层控制结构的车辆队列上、下层控制缺少联系的问题,提出了车辆队列跟驰与个体车辆动力学稳定性协调控制的思路,其基本思想是在保证队列中个体车辆安全稳定行驶的同时,尽可能实现队列跟驰控制的目标。基于非线性模型预测控制(nonlinear model predictive control,NMPC)方法设计了车辆队列协调控制方案,设计了包括跟驰间距误差、跟驰速度误差以及车速与车轮圆周速度差3个子目标的优化目标函数,将队列跟驰与车辆动力学稳定性的协调控制转化为约束优化控制问题;基于序列二次规划(sequential quadratic programming,SQP)方法进行求解,得到车辆前、后轴的制动/驱动力矩来实现上层决策输出的期望跟驰加速度。基于由3车辆组成的非线性队列模型对控制方案进行了仿真分析,结果表明,所提出的基于NMPC的车辆队列协调控制策略可以在大范围操纵工况下,在保证车辆安全稳定行驶的基础上实现队列的跟驰控制。     

基于ADAMS-Car的汽车建模与仿真研究

为了有效应用多体动力学软件ADAMS/Car进行车辆动力学研究,介绍并建立了包括汽车底盘、车身、转向、前后悬架、轮胎、动力总成等分系统的汽车整车模型,将整车系统简化为单自由度的质量-刚度-阻尼系统,建立微分方程,分别应用Matlab/Simulink和ADAMS/Car两种仿真方法,对整车模型进行了正弦激励输入下的仿真,比较计算结果可知达到稳态后的车身响应曲线非常吻合。研究表明:基于ADAMS/Car建立的整车多体动力学模型准确,可以用于实际车辆的仿真研究。     

Dynamics of a railway vehicle on a laterally disturbed track

In this article a theoretical investigation of the dynamics of a railway bogie running on a tangent track with a periodic disturbance of the lateral track geometry is presented. The dynamics is computed for two values of the speed of the vehicle in combination with different values of the wavelength and amplitude of the disturbance. Depending on the combinations of the speed, the wavelength and the amplitude, straight line forward motion, different modes of symmetric or asymmetric periodic oscillations or aperiodic motions, which are presumably chaotic, are found. Statistical methods are applied for the investigation. In the case of sinusoidal oscillations they provide information about the phase shift between the different variables and the amplitudes of the oscillations. In the case of an aperiodic motion the statistical measures indicate some non-smooth transitions.     

基于分子动力学的相变微胶囊与沥青相容性及增强机理研究

微胶囊法是相变材料（PCM）封装的一种重要手段，为了改善加入相变微胶囊后沥青路面的低温性能，采用分子动力学方法，对相变微胶囊的相变机制、与沥青共混后的相容性和抗拉强度等进行模拟分析。对沥青四组分（As，R，S，Ar）、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂（MF）、沥青四组分与MF共混体系、沥青四组分与石墨烯（CG）共混体系、MF与CG共混体系、沥青体系、沥青与MF共混体系、沥青与CG共混体系等17个分子体系分别进行了溶度参数和内聚能密度计算，分析了MF，CG与沥青四组分之间的相容性变化规律，评价了MF，CG对沥青四组分抗拉强度的影响。对以MF为壁材、正十四烷为芯材的3种不同微观结构PCM分子模型和以石墨烯复合三聚氰胺甲醛树脂（CGMF）为壁材、正十四烷为芯材的2种不同微观结构PCM分子模型进行了升温过程相变性能模拟研究，分析了壁材厚度、芯材体积大小对PCM相变性能的影响，并比较了不同种类壁材PCM的热效率。通过对CGMF为壁材的PCM降温过程的相变性能模拟研究，进一步分析了CG对PCM热效率的影响。研究结果表明：采用CGMF为壁材制备PCM，可以提升PCM的热效率，CGMFPCM2031的能量效率比MFPCM2026平均增加141.15%，在沥青体系中加入CGMF为壁材的PCM，可以提高沥青组分之间的相容性和抗拉强度，有利于增强沥青体系的低温抗裂性能。     

高速磁浮车辆悬浮架动力学模型研究

针对TR08高速磁浮车辆运行中铝合金悬浮架弹性变形较大的问题,采用ANSYS建立了悬浮架有限元模型,并进行结构模态分析;为了提高悬浮架动力学数值计算效率,依据等效变形原则建立刚性悬浮架模型,计算等效弹簧参数.基于弹性和刚性悬浮架建立磁浮车辆整车动力学模型,对比分析了曲线通过时2种悬浮架模型动力学响应.计算结果表明:车辆以速度100,250和430 km/h通过半径为2 260m的曲线时,2种悬浮架模型铰点垂向位移计算值之差不超过0.5mm,悬浮间隙计算相对误差小于2%,悬浮架扭转角响应曲线基本重合,表明建立的等效刚性悬浮架模型是合理的;应用于整车动力学性能仿真时具有足够的计算精度,其计算效率远高于采用弹性模型时的计算效率,但弹性悬浮架模型能更准确、全面地模拟其弹性变形和振动响应.