PAN ATLANTIC 诉PINE TOP一案中体现的海上保险法最大诚信原则

海上保险法有四大原则,即保险利益原则、最大诚信原则、因果关系原则以及代位求偿原则。在海上保险法中,最大诚信原则的历史也相当悠久。在英国的海上保险法里,有最著名的第17条：海上保险合同建立在最大诚信原则基础之上,如果合同任何一方不遵守最大诚信,另一方即可宣告合同无效。通过立法的形式确定了英国法中的最大诚信原则。但是最大诚信原则在当代也出现了嬗变。     

基于蜂窝单元的海上交通风险分析

传统的船舶交通风险分析是将研究水域作为一个整体来评估其风险状况的。基于蜂窝单元的船舶交通风险分析,把研究水域按一定标准划分为若干地理单元,将历史数据、数学模型以及专家学者的经验和判断有机地结合起来,用以评估每一地理单元船舶碰撞和搁浅事故的概率,其输出结果以地理分布的形式突出了高风险区域。相对于传统的风险分析,该理论更能够全面、准确地描述水域的风险状况,为采纳和实施正确的安全措施提供了强有力的支持。     

柴油机NOx排放实船测试计算新方法

为适应NOx 排放实船测试的特点和要求,提出了一种不同于IMO的NOx 排放测试计算新方法,并进一步探讨了在此基础上的近似计算方法和实船简化测试方案。经过计算实例和误差分析,表明该计算方法的正确性和NOx 排放实船简化测试方案的可行性。这样,可利用便携式气体分析仪进行NOx 排放实船测试,使NOx 排放实船测试更为切实可行。     

Reduction of VIV using suppression devices—An empirical approach

Helical strakes are known to reduce and even eliminate the oscillation amplitude of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV). This reduction will increase the fatigue life. The optimum length and position of the helical strakes for a given riser will vary with the current profile.

The purpose of the present paper is to describe how data from VIV experiments with suppressing devices like fairings and strakes can be implemented into a theoretical VIV model. The computer program is based on an empirical model for calculation of VIV. Suppression devices can be accounted for by using user-defined data for hydrodynamic coefficients, i.e. lift and damping coefficients, for the selected segments.

The effect of strakes on fatigue damage due to cross flow VIV is illustrated for a vertical riser exposed to sheared and uniform current. Comparison of measured and calculated fatigue life is performed for a model riser equipped with helical strakes. A systematic study of length of a section with strakes for a set of current profiles is done and the results are also presented.     

论海事行政许可中对申请人提交材料的审查原则

文中通过在海事行政许可中对申请人提交的申请材料的审查所产生的问题，论述海事行政许可应当确立形式审查为主，实质审查为辅的审查原则。     

四冲程船用柴油机的建模和实时仿真

根据准稳态的概念，在充分多的试验数据的基础上，结合工作原理建立了适用于实时仿真的四冲程船用柴油机推进装置的多阶非线性动态模型。这种模型能反映柴油机内部各参数，精度较高，计算工作量适中。     

Mortality through ontogeny of soft-bottom marine invertebrates with planktonic larvae

The present survey covers one spawning season of marine benthic invertebrates in a large geographical area, the inner Danish waters, and includes a wide range of habitats with steep salinity and nutrient load gradients. The loss ratios of soft-bottom marine invertebrates from one development stage to the next is calculated based on average abundances of pelagic larvae, benthic post-larvae and adults of Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta and Echinodermata, with planktonic development. This gives a rough estimate of the larval and post-larval mortality. Loss ratios between post-larvae stage and adult stage (post-larval mortality) varies from 3:1 to 7:1 (71.2–84.9%) and loss ratios between larvae and post-larvae (larval mortality) and between larvae and adult, ranging from 7:1 to 42:1 (85.2–97.6%) and from 45:1 to 210:1 (97.8–99.5%), respectively. The results show a remarkable unity in loss ratios (mortality) between the mollusc taxa (Bivalvia and Gastropoda) at the phylum/class level. This similarity in loss ratios among the mollusc taxa exhibiting the same developmental pathways suggests that the mortality is governed by the same biotic and abiotic factors. Larval mortality is estimated to range from 0.10 d^− 1 to 0.32 d^− 1 for Bivalvia and ranging from 0.09 d^− 1 to 0.23 d^− 1 for Polychaeta. The species loss ratios combined with specific knowledge of the reproduction cycles give estimated loss ratios (mortality) between the post-larvae and the adult stage of 25:1 and 14:1 for the bivalves Abra spp. and Mysella bidentata. For the polychaete Pygospio elegans the loss ratio (larval mortality) between the larvae and the post-larval stage is 154:1 and between the post-larvae and the adult stage 41:1. For Pholoe inornata the loss ratio between post-larvae and adults is 7:1. The present results confirm that the larval stage, metamorphosis and settlement are the critical phase in terms of mortality in the life cycle for Bivalvia. Assuming steady state based on actual measurements of pelagic larval densities an estimated input to the water column of pelagic bivalve larvae is ranging from 10,930 to 17,157 larvae m^− 2 d^− 1 and for Polychaeta between 2544 and 3994 larvae m^− 2 d^− 1. These estimates seem to correspond to the reproductive capacity of the observed adult densities using life-table values from the literature.The potential settlement of post-larvae is 43 post-larvae m^− 2 d^− 1 for Bivalvia and 56 post-larvae m^− 2 d^− 1 for Polychaeta. The adult turnover time for Bivalvia is estimated to be 1.5 years and 2.1 years for Polychaeta. This exemplifies that species with short generation times may dominate in very dynamic transitional zones with a high frequency of catastrophic events like the frequent incidents of hypoxia in the inner Danish waters.     

深圳湾海底淤泥大变形固结试验研究

深圳湾海底淤泥含水量很高,在外加荷载作用下,其固结压缩过程具有明显的大变形特征。选取深圳湾西部通道口岸处海水下3 m海底淤泥制作土样,对重塑土样进行固结及渗透交叉试验。通过测定土样的孔压、压缩变形以及渗透过程中的排水量,研究深圳湾海底淤泥的体积压缩系数、大变形固结系数的变化规律。研究结果表明:深圳海底淤泥的大变形固结系数在常用荷载内变化不大,设计估算时可作为常数,而体积压缩系数在固结过程中随孔隙比的变化较大,如假定其为常量采用简化的解析求解,会使得出的结果误差较大,甚至大于采用Terzaghi固结理论计算的偏差。     

Towards a seascape typology. I. Zipf versus Pareto laws

Two data analysis methods, referred to as the Zipf and Pareto methods, initially introduced in economics and linguistics two centuries ago and subsequently used in a wide range of fields (word frequency in languages and literature, human demographics, finance, city formation, genomics and physics), are described and proposed here as a potential tool to classify space–time patterns in marine ecology. The aim of this paper is, first, to present the theoretical bases of Zipf and Pareto laws, and to demonstrate that they are strictly equivalent. In that way, we provide a one-to-one correspondence between their characteristic exponents and argue that the choice of technique is a matter of convenience. Second, we argue that the appeal of this technique is that it is assumption-free for the distribution of the data and regularity of sampling interval, as well as being extremely easy to implement. Finally, in order to allow marine ecologists to identify and classify any structure in their data sets, we provide a step by step overview of the characteristic shapes expected for Zipf's law for the cases of randomness, power law behavior, power law behavior contaminated by internal and external noise, and competing power laws illustrated on the basis of typical ecological situations such as mixing processes involving non-interacting and interacting species, phytoplankton growth processes and differential grazing by zooplankton.     

做好我国海洋污染应急处置工作的研究

文中重点就目前海洋污染事故存在的风险、交通运输部门针对船舶污染应急体系建设所做的工作、当前海洋污染事故应急反应机制存在的问题以及对如何完善海洋污染事故应急反应机制等作些思索和探讨。