Travel,transport and energy implications of university-related student travel: A case study approach

This study highlighted significant cultural differences and complexity in travel behaviour associated with travel to university across the UK and Ireland. This paper examines university travel behaviours and the implications for emissions, across the 2012–2013 academic year, based on responses from 1049 students across 17 universities in Ireland and the UK. Surveys were analysed to examine the trips of students both during term time and when accessing the universities each year. The data analysis in this paper examines three aspects of the transport implications of travel to and from university. Firstly the journey between university and term time address (or permanent address if the respondent does not have a separate term time address), secondly the journey between the university area and a separate permanent address where relevant; and thirdly implications for emissions resulting from university-related travel.The study found that student car users were more likely to be female, older students, or studying part time; male students were more likely to use active modes. The study indicated interesting differences between students living in different parts of the UK and Ireland. For example, it was found that there was a higher level of car dependence amongst Northern Irish students compared to other areas; and a greater variability in travel distances in Scotland and Northern Ireland. In England, car use was more pronounced when students travelled from their permanent address to term time address, and, as in Ireland, there was evidence of more car sharing on such trips. Public transport usage was more pronounced amongst Scottish students. The effect of these transport choices on emissions is significant and demonstrates the importance of education related trips to the development of a transport policy response. The analysis shows that annual emissions are highest for regular travel to and from university when a student has a permanent address rather than a separate term time and permanent address.     

A ‘sustainability window’ of urban form

With global environmental change and the rise of global megacities, environmental and social externalities of urban systems, and especially of urban form, become increasingly prevalent. The question of optimal urban form has been debated and investigated by different disciplines in numerous contexts, including those of transport costs, land consumption and congestion. Here we elucidate theoretically how urban form and the urban transport system systematically modifies sustainability concerns, such as greenhouse gas emissions, local air pollution and congestion. We illustrate our analytical considerations with empirical analysis. Denser urban form would almost unambiguously mitigate climate change, but it would also lead to undesired effects, such as a higher proportion of urban dwellers affected by air pollution. Our study presents a ‘sustainability window’ by highlighting trade-offs between these sustainability concerns as a function of urban form. Only a combination of transportation policies, infrastructure investments and progressive public finance enables the development of cities that perform well in several sustainability dimensions. We estimate that a residential population density between 50 and 150 persons/ha and a modal share of environmental modes above at least 50% corresponds to the sustainability window of urban form. The parameters of the sustainability window of urban form is subject to policy changes and technological progress.     

“空巴联运”需求预测模型与实证分析:以湖北地区为例

以非集计离散选择模型理论为依据,建立基于Logit的城际旅客交通方式选择行为模型.根据武汉周边4个城市(孝感、随州、襄阳和十堰)经武汉到上海的旅客出行方式意向选择(Stated Preference,SP)调查数据,研究了影响旅客选择"空巴联运"(即航空与巴士接驳)方式的重要因素,并对影响因素进行灵敏度分析,估计3种交通方式("空巴联运"、动车—高铁、大巴—高铁)的客流分担率.基于调查数据,对模型参数进行了标定.结果表明,城市内出行时间(程前程后出行时间)和总出行货币费用对旅客出行方式选择影响显著.     

船用剖分式橡胶艉轴承接触性能分析

应用Adina软件建立船用剖分式橡胶艉轴承的有限元接触模型,分析在螺旋桨重力作用下,橡胶轴承与螺旋桨接触时的压力、有效应力和位移的分布状况,以及水槽数目对橡胶轴承接触性能的影响。分析表明:由于水槽的存在,导致轴承接触压力和有效应力分布不连续。单个板条接触压力分布呈上凸抛物线,有效应力分布呈下凹抛物线;从轴承尾端到前端,轴承下瓦中间板条的接触压力、有效应力和接触位移,呈先增大后减少的趋势;随着水槽数目的增大,中间板条的接触压力减小,有效应力增加,但接触位移变化则不明显。     

Optimizing the demand captured by a railway system with a regular timetable

The railway systems in various European countries adopt regular timetables, in which the trains arrive and depart at constant intervals. In fact, their simple structure provides several advantages both to the passengers and to the management of the service. The design of such timetables has recently received a certain attention in the literature, but the standard model aims to optimize the service for a fixed demand. We relax this unrealistic assumption, taking into account the reciprocal influence between the quality of the timetable and the amount of transport demand captured by the railway. This results into a mixed-integer non linear model with a non-convex continuous relaxation. We solve it by a branch-and-bound algorithm based on a piecewise-linear overestimate of the objective function and a heuristic algorithm which iteratively applies the standard fixed-demand model and a demand-estimation model, feeding each one with data based on the solution obtained from the other one at the previous iteration. The computational results presented concern both random instances and a real-world regional network located in Northwestern Italy.     

Modal-split effects of climate change: The effect of low water levels on the competitive position of inland waterway transport in the river Rhine area

Future climate change is expected to affect inland waterway transport in most main natural waterways in Europe. For the river Rhine it is expected that, in summer, more and longer periods with low water levels will occur. In periods of low water levels inland waterway vessels have to reduce their load factors and, as a result, transport prices per tonne will increase. One possible consequence of these higher transport prices is a deterioration of the competitive position of inland waterway transport compared with rail and road transport, and thus a change in modal split. We study this issue using a GIS-based software model called NODUS which provides a tool for the detailed analysis of freight transportation over extensive multimodal networks. We assess the effect of low water levels on the costs of transport operations for inland waterway transport in North West Europe under several climate scenarios. It turns out, that the effect on the modal split is limited. Under the most extreme climate scenario, inland waterway transport would lose about 5.4% of the quantity that is currently being transported annually in the part of the European inland waterway transport market considered. The very dry year of 2003 can be seen as an analogue for this scenario.     

异槽式电枢绕组的可靠性

本文从换向阻尼理论出发,对异槽式电枢绕组的换向特性作了深入分析研究.指出异槽式电枢绕组仅在特定的绕组参数条件下,才能有效地提高电机的换向性能.如果绕组参数设计不当,不但不会改善换向,反而会恶化换向.文中给出了工程实用异槽式绕组的最佳参数组合.     

混凝土方桩桩顶劈裂及掉棱质量通病的防治及工程实例

为提高水下隐蔽工程的质量,必须防止方桩顶劈裂掉梭的质量通病。介绍几种常见的方桩桩顶劈裂掉棱质量通病的现象,进行原因分析,提出防治措施。用工程实例证明方桩桩顶劈裂掉棱质量通病的防治是可行的结论。     

反复冻融条件下沥青混合料的间接拉伸试验研究

当遭遇突变天气如低温冰雪时,路面材料长时间处于有水、低温冰冻状态及温度交替变化过程中,由于水分和温度共同作用引起的道路冻融损坏现象较为普遍。通过在室内模拟水温冻融环境,对多次冻融后的沥青混合料进行了间接拉伸类试验(劈裂试验),通过试验分析了水温冻融条件下沥青混合料的劈裂强度、冻融劈裂强度、劈裂疲劳性能的变化规律。结果表明,沥青混合料的强度、水稳定性、疲劳性能随反复冻融衰减明显。     

利用激光测振技术对轿车车身进行模态分析

以柱面光束为发射光，采用雪崩管为接收器、宽频频率跟踪器为信号处理装置的激光测速仪，对轿车车身的响应速度进行测量，激光测速仪输出的信号经Ａ／Ｄ转换和ＦＦＴ变换后，可方便地得到频响函数，再经试验模态软件进行分析，从而得到模态参数及其振型数据等。