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131.
132.
Dynamic traffic routing refers to the process of (re)directing vehicles at junctions in a traffic network according to the evolving traffic conditions. The traffic management center can determine desired routes for drivers in order to optimize the performance of the traffic network by dynamic traffic routing. However, a traffic network may have thousands of links and nodes, resulting in a large-scale and computationally complex non-linear, non-convex optimization problem. To solve this problem, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is chosen as the optimization method in this paper because of its powerful optimization heuristic for combinatorial optimization problems. ACO is implemented online to determine the control signal – i.e., the splitting rates at each node. However, using standard ACO for traffic routing is characterized by four main disadvantages: 1. traffic flows for different origins and destinations cannot be distinguished; 2. all ants may converge to one route, causing congestion; 3. constraints cannot be taken into account; and 4. neither can dynamic link costs. These problems are addressed by adopting a novel ACO algorithm with stench pheromone and with colored ants, called Ant Colony Routing (ACR). Using the stench pheromone, the ACR algorithm can distribute the vehicles over the traffic network with less or no traffic congestion, as well as reduce the number of vehicles near some sensitive zones, such as hospitals and schools. With colored ants, the traffic flows for multiple origins and destinations can be represented. The proposed approach is also implemented in a simulation-based case study in the Walcheren area, the Netherlands, illustrating the effectiveness of the approach. 相似文献
133.
Transportation system capacity and performance, urban form and socio-demographics define the influences and constraints conditioning the preferences of urban residents for different transport modes. Changes in characteristics of urban areas are likely to lead to changes in preferences for alternative modes of transport over time; as a consequence, statistical models to forecast mode choice need to be sensitive to both purposeful changes to urban systems as well as exogenous shocks. We make use of the 1996, 2001 and 2006 household surveys conducted in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area to study mode preference evolution and model forecasting performance. These repeated cross-sectional household surveys provide an opportunity to investigate aggregate structural changes in commuting mode preferences over time, in a manner sensitive to changes in the urban area. We focus on commuting mode choices because these trips are prime determinants of peak period congestion and peak spreading. We then address how to combine the three cross-sections econometrically in a robust way that allows for use of a single mode choice model across the entire period. Using independent data from 2012, we are able to compare the individual year and combined models in terms of forecasting performance to demonstrate the combined model’s more robust forecasting performance into the future. 相似文献
134.
潘忠岐 《上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2000,8(3):45-53
在人类进入21世纪之后,世界需要建立什么样的新秩序才能更好地服务于人类社会?这个问题激发了政治家和思想家们的极大兴趣,他们提出了各种各样的“理论”和“模式”。其中,较具代表性的有:“地球村”模式,世界政府模式,“和平区”与“动乱区”模式,“三大经济区”模式,“明冲突”模式,“单极霸权”或“单极主导下的多极合作”模式,两极或多极均势模式,等等。这些模式各以其独特的视角,试图勾勒出后冷战时代世界新秩序的“地图”。 相似文献
135.
顾建光 《上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2000,8(3):97-100
在我国当前的经济建设中,城市面临着模式转型的过程,同时也面对着不断产生的一系列新矛盾和新要求。文章着重对此加以探讨,并就我国新时期城市功能的新定位提出了建设性意见。 相似文献
137.
Jungyong Wang Ayhan Akinturk Neil Bose Stephen J. Jones Yun Young Song Ho Hwan Chun Moon Chan Kim 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2008,13(3):244-255
The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice-covered water.
Model tests were carried out with two different depths of cut into the ice (15 and 35 mm), two different ice conditions (presawn
and pack ice conditions), and four different azimuthing angles. The depth of cut is the maximum penetration depth of the propeller
blade into the ice block. The 0.3-m-diameter model propeller was operated in a continuous ice milling condition. Ice loads
were measured by several sensors which were installed in various positions on the model. Six one-axis pancake-style load cells
on the top of the model measured the global loads and two six-component dynamometers were installed on the shaft to measure
the shaft loads. One six-component dynamometer was attached to the one of the propeller blades inside the hub to measure the
blade loads. The pod unit and propeller performance in ice are presented. Ice-related loads, which were obtained when the
blade was inside the ice block, are introduced and discussed. During the propeller–ice interaction, a blade can experience
the path generated by the previous blade, which is called the shadowing effect. The effects of shadowing, depth of cut, azimuthing
angle, and advance coefficient on propulsor performance are presented and discussed. 相似文献
138.
139.
《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2012,50(12):1117-1129
Due to increasing demands for time and cost efficient vehicle and driver assistant systems development, numerical simulation of closed-loop manoeuvres becomes increasingly important. Thus, the driver has to be considered in the modelling. On the basis of a two-layer approach to model a driver's steering behaviour, the field of application is extended to higher lateral accelerations in this study. An analytical method to determine the driver parameters is presented, which is based on the two-wheel vehicle model. The simulation results are determined using a full vehicle model including all essential nonlinearities. Standard manoeuvres in the nonlinear range of vehicle handling behaviour are performed. A cornering manoeuvre is chosen to show the characteristics of the proposed driver model. 相似文献
140.
摩托车用数字式CDI点火器 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据点火储能元件的不同,点火器主要有电容充放电点火(CDI)和晶体管点火(TCI)两种类型。介绍了摩托车用数字式CDI的工作原理及软、硬件结构。其突出的优点在于能够根据预先给定的进角曲线对发动机点火提前角进行精确控制,从而使发动机在各种工作转速范围内均能够达到最佳性能。 相似文献