Sociological perspectives on travel and mobilities: A review

There is increasing interest in understanding and achieving changes in travel behaviour, but a focus on individual behaviour change may overlook the potential for achieving change via transformation at the levels of institutions, cultures and societies – the domains of sociological inquiry. In this paper, we review sociological contributions to the literature on travel and ‘mobilities’. We summarise four key themes which supplement or contradict arguments made in mainstream transport debates on behaviour change. The first involves focusing on travel ‘practices’ as social entities with dynamics of their own, rather than on individual behaviours. The second relates to the changing natures of societies, and the implications for travel. The third explores and interprets the issue of car dependence in ways which highlight the ethical, experiential and emotional dimensions associated with car use, its symbolic role in societies increasingly concerned with consumption, and its differing roles within different cultures. Finally, the ‘new mobilities paradigm’ highlights issues such as the increasing links between travel and new technologies, and the primacy of social networks in influencing travel decisions. These themes emphasise the importance of understanding the broader contexts in which travel choices are made. In particular, the implication is that the creation of more sustainable travel patterns will require changes at a range of social levels, not simply in individual behaviours, and that changes to transport will inevitably be linked with, and influenced by, broader changes in the values and practices developed by societies as a whole.     

摩托车油耗试验新国家标准学习与研究

GB 15744—2008《摩托车燃油消耗量限值及测量方法》和GB 16486—2008《轻便摩托车燃油消耗量限值及测量方法》2项新国家标准已经出版发行,今年7月1日正式实施。新国标中试验方法、数据处理、油耗限值与老国标相比变化较大,新标准试验方法和数据处理更科学、细致和严格,同时试验技术难度加大,成本提高。     

A vehicle type-based approach to model car following behaviors in simulation programs (case study: Car-motorcycle following behavior)

Traffic simulation models often neglect the important role of motorcycles and assume a flow of various combinations of cars. This paper addresses how much different would be the behavior of a car driver while following a motorcyclist compared to cases in which a car follows another car, along with a segment of an urban highway in the non-congested flow. Recognition of such a difference might help to develop existing simulation models and to improve the behavior of car drivers in such a way to lead to lower accidents with motorcycles. To reach the goal, a GHR (Gazis-Herman-Rothery) model for car following is applied and data have been collected by video cameras during 15?min time intervals in three different days. Analysis of 198 car-motorcycle and 374 car-car following observations has indicated that when a car driver follows a motorcycle, keeps a higher headway (about 10?m in the low speed) with a lower acceleration/deceleration in comparison with the situation in which car driver follow another one. It means that the behavior of the follower car driver would be more cautious compared to situations in which a car driver follows another one, especially in space headways <10?m. In addition to main findings of the paper for developing a more realistic simulation program, the paper also addresses that in cases when the required safe space between a car and a motorcycle would be endangered, a warning message could be generated for the car driver (by implementing an in-veh ITS technology) to warn driver about keeping a safe distance.     

一种用汽油燃烧系统模拟发动机台架催化剂热老化的方法

采用通用汽车公司的快速老化程序RAT-A，分别在FOCAS燃烧系统及发动机上对催化剂在老化前和老化后的性能进行对比试验。结果表明，FOCAS燃烧系统能够对催化剂进行和发动机类似的老化。与发动机台架试验相比，FOCAS系统有明显的优点，如严格地控制空燃比使其变化幅度很小、空燃比稳定运行的范围宽、活动部件少及易操作等。     

消氢催化剂的应用研究

通过对Pb／Al2O3，Pb/MnO2、Pd／C、Pd／TiO2四种消氢催化剂在不同条件下失效时间的试验研究，得出了温度、反应时间、和含钯量对催化剂失效时间的影响。试验结果表明：本文所用四种催化剂在脱氢反应中必须加温才能保持活性，否则要定期进行活化再生。     

新型摩托车支架锁的设计

摩托车的防盗措施很多，安装摩托车车锁就是其中之一，但该方法并不方便，特别是短时间停车，锁车、开锁特别麻烦。新型摩托车支架锁设计，充分利用了摩托车上的现有结构，利用点火开关作为车锁开关，利用车架和支架作为车锁两部分的载体，对摩托车改动较小，使用安全，操作方便，防盗性能好。     

摩托车用发动机化油器供油改电喷系统的设计研究

原摩托车发动机化油器供油方式存在油耗高、废气排放超标等缺点。为此,进行了微电脑控制系统软硬件设计。根据总体设计方案,设计了硬件主控系统电路,输入采集处理电路,输出驱动电路及控制软件等,经实际应用测试,发动机功率较原来提高20％,CO、HC排放比原来降低35％。     

点燃式发动机排气后处理技术新发展

在提出高发动机经济性的同时，满足日益严格的排放要求的关键是降低冷起动过程HC的排放和减少排气富氧条件下NOx的排放。催化转换器快速起活技术与吸收技术相结合可以有效降低冷起动暖机过程的HC排放。富氧条件下还原NOx的技术主要有催化还原、电化还原、选择性NOx再循环以及低温等离子体等技术。低温等离子体技术与选择性催化还原技术相结合是降低稀燃发动机排放的有效方法。     

液压盘式制动器钳体强度自动检测技术

摩托车液压盘式制动器钳体强度自动检测设备是通过应用计算机控制技术来实现控制和检测的。该系统主要由电动执行机构、高压油泵、盘式制动器、压力传感器、放大器、接口电路、计算机及打印机等组成。本系统在软件设计中,采用了高级语言(C Builder)和汇编语言混合编程的方法。对盘式制动器钳体强度检测的工作方式是由计算机程序控制的I/O口执行多通道自动采样并实时显示。该系统还能对汽车盘式制动器的钳体强度进行检测。实践证明:该系统操作简单,数据直观、准确、稳定,设备的精度高,且可靠性和重复性好。     

汽车、摩托车铝合金车轮粉末涂料的研究及进展

粉末涂料是一种不含任何有机溶剂以粉末形态进行涂装,经过固化交联成膜的新型表面涂装材料。粉末涂料作为车轮的底层涂装和面层罩光涂料,在国内得到了大量应用。随着21世纪车轮用粉末涂料新产品、新技术和新应用工艺的开发,应用前景将更加广阔。