Direct formulation and algorithms for the probit-based stochastic user equilibrium traffic assignment problem

This paper proposes simple and direct formulation and algorithms for the probit-based stochastic user equilibrium traffic assignment problem. It is only necessary to account for random variables independent of link flows by performing a simple transformation of the perceived link travel time with a normal distribution. At every iteration of a Monte-Carlo simulation procedure, the values of the random variables are sampled based on their probability distributions, and then a regular deterministic user equilibrium assignment is carried out to produce link flows. The link flows produced at each iteration of the Monte-Carlo simulation are averaged to yield the final flow pattern. Two test networks demonstrate that the proposed algorithms and the traditional algorithm (the Method of Successive Averages) produce similar results and that the proposed algorithms can be extended to the computation of the case in which the random error term depends on measured travel time.     

自升式钻井平台方案评价指标体系及评价方法研究(英文)

本文对白升式钻井平台的方案评价指标体系和评价方法进行了研究,提出了一套适用于自升式钻井平台的方案评价指标体系,并采用改进的灰关联分析法进行平台方案的优选,初步分析和计算实例表明,该评价指标体系和评价方法是适用和可靠的.通过对联分析方法进行改进,建立了适用于自升式钻井平台方案选优的灰关联多目标综合评价模型,该模型在灰关联分析的基础上引进层次分析法计算各指标的权重值,既在一定程度上考虑了设计方案各指标间的关联性,反应了事物的客观本质,又能体现船东的主观偏好和设计者的设计需要.同时该方案评价指标体系和评价方法具有拓展性,可应用于其它类型的移动式平台,作为方案选择时的参考依据.     

Numerical simulations of fatigue crack initiation and propagation based on re-tensile plastic zone generating load criterion for in-plane gusset welded joints

Many accidents are caused by fatigue in welded built-up steel structures, and so it is important to estimate the fatigue lives of such structures quantitatively for safety reasons. By assuming that fatigue cracks cannot grow without an accumulation of alternating tensile/compressional plastic strain, one of the authors identified an improved effective stress intensity factor range ΔK _RPG based on the re-tensile plastic zone generating (RPG) load, which represents the driving force for fatigue cracks, and suggested that ΔK _RPG should be used as the parameter to describe fatigue crack growth behavior. The “FLARP” numerical simulation code in which ΔK _RPG is implemented as the fatigue crack growth parameter, was developed in order to predict fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior. In this paper, it is demonstrated that FLARP gives accurate estimates for fatigue life by comparing the estimated fatigue crack growth curves and S–N curves with the experimental results for in-plane gusset welded joints, which are used in many welded steel structures. Moreover, the effect of induced bending moment due to the linear misalignment in the out of plane direction on the fatigue strength of in-plane gusset welded joints is investigated through numerical simulations.     

液化石油气(LPG)汽车的优点及存在的问题

液化石油气（英文缩写为LPG）做为一种新型的能源,可以有效地治理汽车尾气污染．改善大气环境。本文阐述了LPG汽车的优点及工作中存在的若干问题,并提出解决办法。     

太阳能光伏电力系统在800PCC滚装船上的应用研究

为使船舶达到绿色、环保的要求,并解决能源紧缺问题,在船上广泛应用太阳能是一种有效途径。介绍太阳能在船上应用的现状和相关规范对太阳能在船上应用的规定。分析在800PCC滚装船上应用太阳能的优势,给出该船的基本参数和航线,结合这些基本信息分析该船太阳能光伏电力系统的结构和运行模式。通过研究总结出该船应用太阳能可带来能效指数提高的积极效应。     

液化天然气(LNG)汽车日常检查方法及维护技术综述

天然气是一种优质的替代燃料,具有污染小、安全系数高、运行费用低等优点。天然气已经成为城市公共交通领域应用最为成功和广泛的车辆替代燃料技术,为推动交通运输行业的节能减排做出了显著的贡献。液化天然气汽车,作为天然气汽车的一种类型,与传统汽柴油车相比,液化天然气汽车安装了包括液化天然气气瓶、气管路及各种控制阀门和仪表在内的专用装置,在对液化天然气汽车进行日常检查时需要针对液化天然气汽车的专用装置进行重点检查。本文则针对液化天然气汽车的特点,对液化天然气汽车的正确使用方法、日常检查方法及维护技术要求、以及相关注意事项三个方面进行了解读,为指导液化天然气汽车进行日常检查与定期维护提供了技术参考。     

Understanding the impacts of a combination of service improvement strategies on bus running time and passenger’s perception

Transit agencies implement many strategies in order to provide an attractive transportation service. This article aims to evaluate the impacts of implementing a combination of strategies, designed to improve the bus transit service, on running time and passenger satisfaction. These strategies include using smart card fare collection, introducing limited-stop bus service, implementing reserved bus lanes, using articulated buses, and implementing transit signal priority (TSP). This study uses stop-level data collected from the Société de transport de Montréal (STM)’s automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger count (APC) systems, in Montréal, Canada. The combination of these strategies has lead to a 10.5% decline in running time along the limited stop service compared to the regular service. The regular route running time has increased by 1% on average compared to the initial time period. The study also shows that riders are generally satisfied with the service improvements. They tend to overestimate the savings associated with the implementation of this combination of strategies by 3.5-6.0 min and by 2.5-4.1 min for both the regular route and the limited stop service, respectively. This study helps transit planners and policy makers to better understand the effects of implementing a combination of strategies to improve running time and passenger’s perception of these changes in service.     

浅埋小间距矩形顶管掘进姿态控制技术探讨

为解决采用结构分割转换工法（CC工法）建造的某地下停车场小间距隧道群矩形顶管施工中顶管机出现栽头及掘进姿态控制困难的问题,结合项目施工过程的姿态监控数据,对产生栽头及姿态偏差的原因进行理论分析,提出相应的控制技术,并采取现场试验的方法进行效果验证。结果表明： 1）顶管机栽头现象的原因主要有顶管机体重心偏差、漏浆、姿态预留不够、后靠不稳; 2）通过设备和管节定位处理、洞门密封处理、增加始发姿态预留量、后靠稳定性控制等措施可有效防止顶管机栽头; 3）始发阶段采取洞门预留、破除等控制措施,掘进阶段控制掘进速度并辅以“E”型导向槽进行轴线控制等措施,可有效控制顶管机顶进姿态; 4）通过采取调整铰接油缸行程差、主推油缸行程差及姿态偏差方向的土压等姿态纠偏技术措施,取得了良好的施工效果。     

结构分割转换工法在地下空间开发中的应用及设想

为了更加快速、安全、高效地完成城市地下空间开发,以结构分割转换工法（CC工法）为研究内容,从工法内涵、工程实践和应用推广3个角度展开研究。首先,基于ＣＣ工法的最新研究成果,从结构分割、建造方案及节点处理3个方面详细介绍CC工法的核心内容;然后,结合工程实践对该工法进行验证性研究,重点比较跨中设缝与柱顶设缝方案的优缺点,介绍该工程地下结构分割、转换的过程,最终证实CC工法建造地下空间的合理性、灵活性及适用性;最后,进行CC工法在富水地层中应用的可行性研究,通过对CC工法与明挖法、暗挖法、型钢混凝土、地面预制装配式结构等技术进行结合应用研究,得出在特定的工程条件下,CC工法也具有与其他先进工法结合应用的价值。     

Railway reforms: do they influence operating efficiency?

This paper considers railway operations in 23 European countries during 1995–2001, where a series of reform initiatives were launched by the European Commission, and analyses whether these reform initiatives improved the efficiency of the railway systems. Efficiency is measured using Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis, which enables investigation of how railway reforms affect the inefficiencies of specific cost drivers. The main findings are that the reform initiatives generally improve technical efficiency but potentially differently for different cost drivers. Specifically, the paper provides empirical evidence that accounting separation is important for improving the efficiency in the use of both material and staff costs, whereas other reforms only influenced one of these factors.