Changes in the shelf macrobenthic community over large temporal and spatial scales in the Bohai Sea, China

Over the past 20 years, the Bohai Sea has been subjected to a considerable human impact through over-fishing and pollution. Together with the influence of the Yellow River cut-off, the ecosystem experienced a dramatic change. In order to integrate available information to detect any change in macrobenthic community structure and diversity over space and time, data collected during the 1980s and the 1990s from 3 regions of the Bohai Sea (Laizhou Bay, 16 stations, 37–38°N, 119–120.5°E; central Bohai Sea, 25 stations, 38–39°N, 119–121°E; eastern Bohai Bay, 12 stations, 38–39°N, 118.5–119°E) were reanalyzed in a comparative way by means of a variety of statistical techniques. A considerable change in community structure between the 1980s and the 1990s and over the geographical regions at both the species and family level were revealed. After 10 years, there was a considerable increase in abundance of small polychaetes, bivalves and crustaceans but decreased number of echinoderms. Once abundant in Laizhou Bay in the 1980s, a large echinoderm Echinocardium cordatum and a small mussel Musculista senhousia almost disappeared from the surveying area in the 1990s. Coupled with the increased abundance was the increased species richness in general whereas evenness was getting lower in central Bohai Sea and Bohai Bay but increased in Laizhou Bay. K-dominance plot showed the same trend as evenness J′. After 10 years, the macrobenthic diversity in the Bohai Sea as a whole was slightly reduced and a diversity ranking of central Bohai Sea > Laizhou Bay > eastern Bohai Bay over space was also suggested. Sediment granulometry and organic content were the two major agents behind the observed changes.     

一种简易毫伏表的设计及应用

以EM78P259N为基础制作一款针对小信号测量的低成本工具。充分利用EM78P259N丰富的内设,并结合一定的数学处理,使这款毫伏表能较为准确地进行小电压的测量。     

金属疲劳裂纹扩展率曲线与S-N曲线之间的关系

目前有两种不同的理论用于预报金属结构的疲劳寿命。一种是基于S－N曲线的累积疲劳损伤理论，另一种是基于裂纹扩展率曲线的疲劳裂纹扩展理论，如果都把一个构件的最终断裂作为疲劳破坏的定义，则S－N曲线和裂纹扩展率曲线均是反映金属在疲劳载荷作用下的基本材料特性。尽管在过去这两种曲线是分别测试的，但它们之间应该存在一些相互关系。本文的主要目的就是讨论它们之间的关系。基于S－N曲线的一个一般表达式和裂纹扩展率曲线的一个有代表性的表达式，本文建立了两种曲线之间的一个正式关系，这表明只需要测试一种曲线，而另一种曲线就可以根据已有的试验结果导出。文章以一个中央裂纹平板作为例子，演示了如何根据一种曲线推导另一种曲线。     

N_2类载货汽车油耗法规标准的对比与分析

阐明了对当前N2类载货汽车油耗控制的重要性,美国、欧洲及日本的中型汽车油耗法规标准进行了简要的介绍和分析。着重介绍我国现行强制性油耗法规,并将其与世界主流油耗法规标准进行对比和分析,较为详细地阐述了各类油耗法规之间的区别和内在联系。最后展望我国未来N2类载货汽车汽车燃料消耗量的控制方法的发展方向。     

Real time assimilation of HF radar currents into a coastal ocean model

A real time assimilation and forecasting system for coastal currents is presented. The purpose of the system is to deliver current analyses and forecasts on based on assimilation of high-frequency radar surface current measurements. The local Vessel Traffic Service monitoring the ship traffic to two oil terminals on the coast of Norway received the analyses and forecasts in real time.A new assimilation method based on optimal interpolation is presented where spatial covariances derived from an ocean model are used instead of simplified mathematical formulations. An array of high frequency radar antennae provides the current measurements. A suite of nested ocean models comprises the model system. The observing system is found to yield good analyses and short range forecasts that are significantly improved compared to a model twin without assimilation. The system is fast, analysis and 6-h forecasts are ready at the Vessel Traffic Service 45 min after acquisition of radar measurements.     

A380-800飞机荷载作用下复合道面的结构响应分析

为了分析机场复合道面结构在新一代大型飞机多轮荷载作用下的力学响应规律,文章以A380-800飞机为例,应用大型通用有限元程序ABAQUS建立了复合道面结构三维有限元模型,分析了多轮荷载不同组合方式作用下道面结构的力学响应。通过计算不同布载形式下道面结构的疲劳寿命,并结合应力的分布规律,得出结论:复合道面在多轮荷载作用下产生空间叠加效应;A380-800可采用3轴双轮6轮组作为道面结构设计时的最不利荷载组合;当考虑空间叠加效应时,15 m×15 m的模型尺寸是合理的。     

催化分解二茂铁制备碳纳米片及其结构表征

以二茂铁为催化剂和碳源,硫粉为辅助剂,采用催化分解技术,在500°C时制备碳纳米片,成炭率高达95％左右．结构测试结果表明：酸处理后的主要产物为非晶碳纳米片,其厚度约为40 nm．氮气吸附脱附结果表明：合成的碳纳米片为介孔材料的特征吸附脱附等温线,比表面积为41.1 m2/g,孔径主要集中在3.5～5 nm．     

基于 Glyphworks 的汽车排气系统加速耐久试验载荷谱的研究

在损伤等效和失效模式相同的前提下,应用疲劳分析软件 Glyphworks,对从试验场采集的汽车排气系统道路载荷谱进行编辑。得到预计试验时间和保留不同损伤量的台架试验加速载荷谱编辑结果,并进行试验验证。结果表明：与传统耐久试验方法相比,该方法能在更短的时间内准确再现失效模式。     

灰色模型在原油管道蜡沉积速率预测中的应用

为了对原油管道内蜡沉积速率进行准确预测,基于灰色GM(1,N)模型理论和建模思路,综合考虑了管壁处剪切应力、管壁处温度梯度、管壁处蜡分子浓度梯度和原油的动力黏度4个影响因素,建立了 GM(1,5)蜡沉积速率模型,并与黄启玉蜡沉积模型进行模型精度对比.结果表明:GM(1,5)蜡沉积速率模型的平均相对误差为2.955 5％...     

基于运行特性的港湾式公交站延误时间研究

基于车辆运行特性，从时空和微观的角度，运用概率论、运动学原理和 M/Ek /1(N) 排队模型，对港湾式公交站车辆的延误问题进行研究.将公交在港湾站台的延误按阶段分类并定性分析延误的主要影响因素，分析公交车辆进出站台及在站台内外运行过程和机理，构建公交进站延误时间、停靠延误时间及出站延误时间模型，推导单泊位和多泊位站台的公交延误模型.采集长沙市雨花区4个站点的公交运行数据，绘制延误变化趋势，并将计算值与实测延误时间进行比较，分析影响因素.结果表明，公交在港湾式站台的延误随公交到达率增大呈指数增长，随上下车乘客数增多呈对数函数增长，随相邻车道流量增大呈递增的抛物线增长.