Carbon emission from urban passenger transportation in Beijing

Urban passenger transport significantly contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions, especially in developing countries owing to the rapid motorization, thus making it an important target for carbon reduction. This article established a method to estimate and analyze carbon emission from urban passenger transport including cars, rail transit, taxis and buses. The scope of research was defined based on car registration area, transport types and modes, the stages of rail transit energy consumption. The data availability and gathering were fully illustrated. A city level emission model for the aforementioned four modes of passenger transport was formulated, and parameters including emission factor of electricity and fuel efficiency were tailored according to local situations such as energy structure and field survey. The results reveal that the emission from Beijing’s urban passenger transport in 2012 stood at 15 million tonnes of CO₂, of which 75.5% was from cars, whereas car trip sharing constitutes only 42.5% of the total residential trips. Bus travel, yielding 28.6 g CO₂, is the most efficient mode of transport under the current situations in terms of per passenger kilometer (PKM) emission, whereas car or taxi trips emit more than 5 times that of bus trips. Although a decrease trend appears, Beijing still has potential for further carbon reduction in passenger transport field in contrast to other cities in developed countries. Development of rail transit and further limitation on cars could assist in reducing 4.39 million tonnes CO₂ emission.     

燃油添加剂对汽车排放性能影响分析研究

国内对于燃油添加剂效果的分析研究较少,文章为了探讨某型燃油添加剂对在用车排放和性能的影响,依据GB18285-2005《点燃式发动机汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法》,针对不同行驶里程的汽车,选用双怠速法检测汽车使用某型号燃油添加剂前后的排放变化,并对油耗和动力性进行简单测评。结果表明,使用燃油添加剂和选择合适标号燃油能有效降低汽车污染物排放及油耗,对车辆使用节能减排具有较为重要意义。     

TBM主轴承声发射故障诊断研究

以隧道施工TBM为研究对象,设计了主轴承声发射检测试验,进行了声发射信号采集,并取得较理想的分析信号。根据信号的时域图像特征及相关技术人员的数据支持,初步对TBM主轴承的工作状态做了判断,并采用了时变峭度法对实测信号进行分析,获取了强背景噪声下明显的故障特征,达到了抑制噪声、突出特征成分的目的。试验分析结果证明了该方法用于声发射故障信号特征提取的有效性,同时对TBM的状态监测提供了新思路。     

用于城市交通规划的机动车污染物排放因子

分析了确定排放因子的方法,提出适用于中国城市交通规划的MOBILE模式法参数修正及参数计算方法,根据中国城市实际情况,使用MOBILE模式法参数修正计算排放因子,适用于城市交通规划;给出的南京市现状排放因子可直接用于南京市及附近城市的环境影响评价,平均车速在30－75km/h时CO,NOx和HC的排放因子都相对较小,污染较少。     

增程式电动汽车全生命周期节能减排绩效评价

采用全生命周期评价(LCA)一整套方法和理论,基于德国开发的生命周期评价专用软件GABI,选取国内市场上某款增程式电动汽车,建立该车全生命周期评价模型,从而对增程式电动汽车的节能减排绩效进行研究.根据增程式电动汽车结构特点,将整车划分为发动机、发电机等10大部件,从原材料获取、制造装配、运行使用和报废回收4个阶段进行节...     

Parking permits management and optimal parking supply considering traffic emission cost

Given a many-to-one bi-modal transportation network where each origin is connected to the destination by a bottleneck-constrained highway and a parallel transit line, we investigate the parking permit management methods to minimize traffic time cost and traffic emission cost simultaneously. More importantly, the optimal supply of parking spots is also discussed in the policies of parking permit. First, we derive the total travel costs and emission costs for the two cases of sufficient and insufficient parking spot provisions at the destination. Second, we propose a bi-objective model and solve the Pareto optimal parking permit distribution, given a certain level of parking supply. Third, we investigate the optimal parking supply in the policy of parking permit distribution, with the objectives of minimizing both total travel cost and traffic emission. Fourth, we provide a model of optimizing parking supply, in the policy of free trading of parking permits. Finally, the numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of these schemes, and the numerical results show that restricting parking supply at the city center could be efficient to reduce traffic emission.     

一种舰船气体泄漏的声发射检测方法

目前舰船对气体泄漏检测的方法还存在较大局限性,迫切需要一种新的检测手段。本文论证了目前常用检测方法的利弊,提出采用气体泄漏产生的声发射现象进行检测的方法。采用便携装置完成了模拟泄漏装置和实际管路试验,结果表明：该方法针对不同漏孔大小、泄漏压力、距离均可检测气体泄漏,不依赖经验,可满足舰船实际使用的需求。     

Incremental costs for reduction of air pollution from ships: a case study on North European emission control area

In addition to sulphur oxides control, the North and the Baltic Seas have recently been designated as nitrogen oxides control area. Amidst ongoing developments in energy markets and international trade, shipowners have to develop cost-efficient strategies to comply with the new regulation. This study creates and tests a model calculating the incremental costs of abating NO_x and SO_x emissions under MARPOL Annex VI regulations for the following methods: SCR, HAM and internal engine modifications, marine gas oil, wet scrubbers, and liquefied natural gas propulsion. The model is tested empirically on a broad sample of 244 ships from the Swedish Commercial Fleet database for different operating contexts and fuel prices. Individual ship emission reductions and incremental abatement costs are calculated and the results are presented for the entire studied sample and per ship type class.

The study also explores the sensitivity of the chosen abatement methods to cost determinants and to main engine time operation under the light of economic performance and cost-efficiency. The results of the study aim to contribute to company abatement strategy.     

基于CALINE4模式的平原地区高速公路机动车尾气污染水平研究

为了研究我国平原地区高速公路两侧的机动车尾气污染水平和污染物的分布规律,本文以监测数据为基础,结合当地的具体气象特点,利用CALINE4模式,对国内平原地区的一段高速公路上机动车排放的污染物CO的浓度进行模拟,并将模拟结果和实测结果进行对比分析,结果表明CALINE4模式可以判断平原地区高速公路两侧机动车尾气CO污染状况,动态地估计平原地区高速公路环境交通容量,间接地评价该区域的空气质量。     

谈摩托车燃油蒸发排放

燃油蒸发排放成份被称为摩托车排放污染的第2大公害。目前,由于国家在燃油蒸发污染物控制方面无相关标准可依,缺乏必要的监管,绝大多数摩托车生产企业对此基本未采取任何控制措施。为进一步完善摩托车排放标准体系,呼吁有关部门尽快出台摩托车燃油蒸发标准,强制控制我国摩托车燃油蒸发。