The problem of cold starts: A closer look at mobile source emissions levels

While the phenomenon of excess vehicle emissions from cold-start conditions is well known, the magnitude and duration of this phenomenon is often unclear due to the complex chemical processes involved and uncertainty in the literature on this subject. This paper synthesizes key findings regarding the influence of ambient and engine temperatures on light-duty vehicle (LDV) emissions. Existing literature, as well as analytical tools like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), indicate that while total vehicle emissions have dropped significantly in recent years, those associated with cold starts can still constitute up to 80% for some pollutant species. Starting emissions are consistently found to make up a high proportion of total transportation-related methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After 3–4 min of vehicle operation, both the engine coolant and the catalytic converter have generally warmed, and emissions are significantly lower. This effect lasts roughly 45 min after the engine is shut off, though the cooling rate depends greatly on the emission species and ambient temperature. Electrically (pre-)heated catalysts, using the bigger batteries available on hybrid drivetrains and plug-in vehicles, may be the most cost-effective technology to bring down a sizable share of mobile source emissions. Trip chaining (to keep engines warm) and shifting to non-motorized modes for shorter trips, where the cold start can dominate emissions, are also valuable tactics.     

A study of relationships between traffic noise and annoyance for different urban site typologies

The paper intends to analyse the different attitudes of residents in urban areas in regard to annoyance induced by traffic noise, account taken of the effects of the street configuration and of the presence of specific public transport modes in the definition of the dose-response curves.People’s annoyance was investigated through a campaign of noise and traffic measurements and an epidemiological survey, administered to a sample of 830 residents in the buildings close to the measurement points.An ordinal regression model taking into account environmental and urban characteristics was used to identify a dose-response relationship. The cumulative probabilities allowed to define two cut points on the dose-response curves (60 and 75 dB(A)), grouping people in three classes and making the representation of the dose-response relationships different from those traditionally defined that use only the percentage of highly annoyed people.The results show different people’s attitudes towards the annoyance in the urban sites while the dose-response relationship shows that the correlation between annoyance and noise is low. For the same value of day equivalent level, 10% more people are annoyed in L sections (broad streets) than in U sections (narrow streets). Furthermore, all the dose-response curves show a higher sensitivity of people living in L sections; this difference can be measured as a shift of about 4 dB(A). Noise levels are, arguably, a useful indicator, but they are not reliable enough to define the discomfort of the residents, while the site characteristics could shed light on annoyance variability.     

地铁暗挖隧道二次衬砌施工质量控制浅析

文章根据深圳轨道交通二期工程安托山站—侨香站暗挖区间的二次衬砌施工经验,分析了地铁暗挖隧道二次衬砌施工质量的影响因素以及二次衬砌施工过程中容易发生的质量问题,并提出了具体的控制措施。通过经验总结,使地铁施工的管理、质量控制、施工通病防治上升一个台阶。     

汽车螺柱焊接质量监测系统应用研究与行业影响

汽车螺柱自动焊接 质量受影响的因素较多,如板材尺寸变化、表面清洁度、焊接参数、焊接轨迹等均可能造成螺柱焊接不良,因此存在螺柱焊接开焊、内部存在瑕疵的风险较大。2019年,根据大众康采恩质量标准,汽车螺柱焊接检验标准除三检件时可利用力矩检查外,其余零件只可用目视检查,不允许使用橡胶锤敲击螺柱。但目视检查无法对存在问题的螺柱准确进行检测,也因此提高了汽车螺柱的质量风险。本文以一汽-大众汽车有限公司长春生产焊装二车间实际项目使用经验,汽车螺柱焊接质量监测系统在汽车制造业使用的应用实例与分析研究,重点介绍汽车螺柱焊接质量监测系统基本构成、工作方案,尤其该系统对汽车制造行业产生的深远影响。     

汽车进气系统轰鸣声传递路径分析

为了消除进气系统带来的车内噪声问题,运用传递路径分析方法,源-路径-响应的分析思路,总结了进气系统噪声问题的传递路径,结合某轿车进气系统轰鸣声问题的改进,发现结构传递路径和空气传递路径对该进气轰鸣声均有重要贡献,通过降低空气滤清器安装点橡胶软垫的硬度和加强安装点车身侧支架,可有效降低车内轰鸣声.     

探究柴油机装配过程的质量控制

对柴油机进行装配是制造柴油机过程中最为关键也是最后一个工作内容,柴油机能否保证自身良好的工作性能以及能否具备可观的经济性,很大程度上装配工作的好坏具备决定性,意味着最终结果取决于装配结果,也就要求在装配过程中企业必须对其进行质量控制,确保其产品质量能够符合相应标准。因此,为了提高装配的质量,需要探究装配当中使用的工艺并对其进行分析,在深入了解后提出有关的质量管控方案。本文首先分析在装配过程中所使用的机械工艺,并针对其分析提出有效的质量控制措施,为日后的制作奠定良好的理论基础。     

高职《汽车底盘构造与维修》课程思政探索与研究

课程思政是高职院校落实立德树人这一根本任务的重要途径,在专业课教学中践行课程思政理念,将思政教育的思想理论融入专业课教学中,是新时代背景下高职院校专业课建设的重要课题.文章主要从高职汽车底盘构造与维修课程的特点出发,首先阐述了该门课程与课程思政融合的总体构想,然后对汽车底盘构造与维修课程实施课程思政的路径进行探索与研究...     

浅谈深化内部审核,提高现场审核有效性

质量管理体系的内部审核是组织进行体系管理自我完善的重要手段之一,内部审核的有效性对怎样按GB/T19001-2016标准的要求,推进以质量管理为核心的"质量四化"建设,夯实质量管理基础起着巨大的现实作用.只有较高程度地体现审核的有效性,才能对组织的质量管理发展做出基础性、战略性贡献,获得领导的高度重视和信任,持续推进质...     

汽车前照灯水汽凝聚现象的瞬态CFD预测

汽车前照灯光品质是衡量汽车照明系统安全性的一项重要指标.通过商用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)软件Star-CCM+对汽车前照灯内部的流动情况、热力学特性以及起雾/除雾过程进行了模拟.研究表明,雾层厚度与分布主要与湿度、流动条件以及换热条件相关.探索了完整的大灯起雾仿真...     

抑制制动器振动噪声的阻尼方法的探讨

针对在盘式制动器制动块底板上粘贴一层阻尼层(Insulating Shim)的阻尼处理方法，首先指出制动块底板上阻尼层的减振机制在于粘弹性材料在接触面间表现出的摩擦作用，尤其取决于材料本身的迟滞效应。然后．定量分析了阻尼层对制动器噪声的抑制效果；利用能量等效原理将接触摩擦转换成系统中粘性阻尼后进行特征分析．考察系统稳定性。