Optimal roll control of an articulated vehicle: theory and model validation

This paper investigates optimal roll control of an experimental articulated vehicle. The test vehicle and the mathematical model used to design the control strategies are presented. The vehicle model is validated against experimental data from the test vehicle in passive configuration. The initial controller design, performed by Sampson (Sampson, D.J.M. and Cebon, D., 2003a, Achievable roll stability of heavy road vehicles. Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs, Part D, J. Automobile Engineering, 217(4), 269–287), is reviewed and adapted for the experimental vehicle. The effect of not controlling all the axles on the vehicle is investigated and a variable vehicle speed controller is designed by interpolating between constant speed controllers. Substantial reduction in normalized load transfer is achieved for a range of manoeuvres, both in steady-state and transient conditions.     

Perturbation/correlation based optimal internal combustion engine tuning

This paper addresses the application of the perturbation/correlation method to optimizing the torque output of internal combustion engines. This application was inspired by observations of the limitations in current techniques of the automotive performance tuning industry. Performance issues such as errors from true optimum spark timing and fuel injector pulse width values as well as convergence were considered for optimal tuning. The ability of the system to deal with engine cycle-to-cycle variations and their effect on input parameters is also analyzed.     

A single-period analysis of a two-echelon inventory system with dependent supply uncertainty

Disruptions and random supplies have been important sources of uncertainty that should be considered in the design and control of supply chains. There have been many real world examples in which a single catastrophic event has simultaneously degraded the capabilities of several suppliers leading to considerable erosion of profits and goodwill for a company. However, the literature on analytical models that account for the dependence nature of disruptions and its impact on supply chain performance is sparse.In this paper, we consider an m-manufacturer, 1-retailer, newsvendor inventory system with stochastically dependent manufacturing capacities, caused by random disruptions that may simultaneously inflict damages to the capacities of the manufacturers. We develop the structural/analytical properties of key performance measures and optimal inventory policies for the multi-source and assembly inventory systems. We show that stochastic dependence in disruptions can have opposite effects on system performance in the multi-source and assembly systems. While risk diversification is preferred in the multi-source system, risk concentration is preferred in the assembly system. Our results also suggest that, if the retailer ignores the effect of dependent disruptions, then in the multi-source structure, it would underestimate the cost, overestimate the fill rate, and order more units than the optimum; however, in the assembly structure, the opposite would happen. We perform a comprehensive numerical study to validate our analytical results and generate useful managerial and operational insights for effective risk management of supply chains in the presence of dependent supply uncertainty.     

基于欧雷准则的某纯电动车悬架刚度优化匹配研究

在车型开发前期对悬架系统刚度、阻尼进行合理的优化匹配,不仅能缩短整车开发周期,同时还能提升整车性能,基于欧雷准则,以车辆二自由度模型为基础研究了前、后悬架刚度优化匹配的方法,并在某电动车动力学性能开发前期得以应用,通过实车试验与优化结果对比充分验证了该方法具有一定的工程应用价值,且能够大大缩短样车开发周期。     

基于GIS的山区道路灾害多发区段线路方案优选--以迫隆藏布流域为例

论述了基于GIS技术进行山区灾害多发地段线路方案优选的方法。在建立山区灾害区段选线的单因素分析层的基础上 ,提出了应用GIS技术提取山区灾害多发区段影响选线方案的信息。然后 ,应用层次分析方法 (AHP)实现灾害选线多因素的综合分析及多方案综合比选。最后以迫隆藏布流域某灾害多发区段为例验证了这种方法的有效性     

Activity patterns in space and time: calculating representative Hagerstrand trajectories

Daily activity diaries can be recorded as sequences of characters representing events and their contexts as they unfold during the day. Dynamic programming algorithms as used in bioinformatics have been used by a number of researchers to measure the similarities and differences between travel patterns on the basis of temporal sequencing of events, activity transition, and total activity time. The resultant similarity matrices have been shown to be more effective in classifying sequential patterns than classifications based on alternative similarity indices. The basic algorithms can be amended to include the geographic coordinates of events by a suitable amendment to the definition of distance. This permits quantitative classification of Hagerstrand-type activity trajectories on the basis of both activity and spatial similarity. Such a classification can be used to group similar trajectories and to identify representative trajectories that are analogous to measures of central tendency in univariate statistics, giving more concrete meaning to the concept of the activity pattern than any other method now available. The paper illustrates the effect of considering both events and locations in the classification of daily activity patterns using activity diary data gathered in the town of Reading. The algorithm has been implemented in the Clustal_TXY alignment software package.

A survey on modeling and control of thruster-assisted position mooring systems

This review presents a systematic summary of the state-of-the-art development of technological solutions, modeling, and control strategies of thruster-assisted position mooring (TAPM) systems. The survey serves as a starting point for exploring automatic control and real-time monitoring solutions proposed for TAPM systems. A brief historical background of the mooring systems is given. The kinematics and a simplified kinetic control-design model of a TAPM system are derived in accordance with established control methods, including a quasistatic linearized model for the restoring and damping forces based on low-frequency horizontal motions of the vessel. In addition, another two mooring line models, i.e., the catenary equation and the finite element method model, are presented for the purpose of higher-fidelity simulations. The basic TAPM control strategies are reviewed, including heading control, surge-sway damping, roll–pitch damping (for semisubmersibles), and line break detection and compensation. Details on the concepts of setpoint chasing for optimal positioning of a vessel at the equilibrium position are discussed based on balancing the mooring forces with the environmental loads and avoiding mooring line failure modes. One method for setpoint chasing is the use of a structural reliability index, accounting for both mean mooring line tensions and dynamic effects. Another method is the use of a lowpass filter on the position of the vessel itself, to provide a reference position. The most advanced method seems to be the use of a fault-tolerant control framework that, in addition to direct fault detection and isolation in the mooring system, incorporates minimization of either the low-frequency tensions in the mooring lines or minimization of the reliability indices for the mooring lines to select the optimal directions for the setpoint to move. A hybrid (or supervisory switching) control method is also presented, where a best-fit control law and observer law are automatically selected among a bank of control and observer algorithms based on the supervision of the sea-state and automatic switching logic.     

Development of control models for the planning of sustainable transportation systems

Planning of sustainable transportation systems requires integration of multiple systems while considering a holistic approach. A limited amount of research has been conducted that simultaneously considers all the transportation, economic activity, environmental and social effects. The proposed research envisages incorporating considerations related to sustainability and providing solutions to stakeholders in policy making. In this paper, a dynamic model for planning and development of sustainable transportation systems is presented. This is given by a system of three nonlinear differential equations representing the dynamics of the three independent states, namely, transportation, activity, and environmental systems. A policy scenario considering investment in energy efficient technologies and its effects on the states is discussed to assist making investment decisions. Optimal control techniques are used to design the controls. The results show that it is possible to formulate an optimal control to achieve the desired target. Numerical results, based on actual parameters, are presented to illustrate the long-term trends of the states. The methodology discussed in this paper will be helpful to decision makers in making optimal decisions. The contribution of this research work is the introduction of a systems and controls methodology to develop optimal policies for the design of sustainable systems.     

基于GPS技术的实时拥挤收费系统

通过拥挤收费来缓解中心城市交通拥挤,是交通管理者探讨的一个热点,也出现了一些成功实施的案例。针对目前ERP系统的不足,本文利用ITS先进技术将拥挤收费与交通信息平台相结合,提出一个基于GPS技术的实时拥挤收费系统,描述了系统的工作流程与基本功能,并且建立起多车型多准则弹性需求下的拥挤收费费率优化双层规划模型。     

地铁车站新预筑法施工中顶管间距的优化设计

基于土拱效应理论,建立新预筑法顶管施工中顶管土拱效应模型.根据模型中土拱轴线的受力,推导出土拱轴线支座约束反力与模型几何参数之间的关系式.将此关系式与拱顶和拱脚的强度控制条件方程联立,得到求解顶管间距的方程组.给出验算土拱能体稳定性的判别式,验证顶管间距计算值的合理性.以采用新预筑法施工的沈阳地铁新乐遗址站1号风道为例.采用上述方法计算得到的顶管间距为3.28 m;通过调整切管位置和钢管半径可以优化没计顶管间距,从而减少管材消耗,节省施_上时间,降低地表沉降.