An equilibrium analysis of commuter parking in the era of autonomous vehicles

This study is the first in the literature to model the joint equilibrium of departure time and parking location choices when commuters travel with autonomous vehicles (AVs). With AVs, walking from parking spaces to the work location is not needed. Instead, AVs will drop off the commuters at the workplace and then drive themselves to the parking spaces. In this context, the equilibrium departure/arrival profile is different from the literature with non-autonomous vehicles (non-AVs). Besides modeling the commuting equilibrium, this study further develops the first-best time-dependent congestion tolling scheme to achieve the system optimum. Also, a location-dependent parking pricing scheme is developed to replace the tolling scheme. Furthermore, this study discusses the optimal parking supply to minimize the total system cost (including both the travel cost and the social cost of parking supply) under either user equilibrium or system optimum traffic flow pattern. It is found that the optimal planning of parking can be different from the non-AV situation, since the vehicles can drive themselves to parking spaces that are further away from the city center and walking of commuters is avoided. This paper sheds light on future parking supply planning and traffic management.     

A novel permit scheme for managing parking competition and bottleneck congestion

Morning commuters may have to depart from home earlier to secure a parking space when parking supply in the city center is insufficient. Recent studies show that parking reservations can reduce highway congestion and deadweight loss of parking competition simultaneously. This study develops a novel tradable parking permit scheme to realize or implement parking reservations when commuters are either homogeneous or heterogeneous in their values of time. It is found that an expirable parking permit scheme with an infinite number of steps, i.e., the ideal-scheme, is superior to a time-varying pricing scheme in the sense that designing a permit scheme does not require commuters’ value of time information and the performance of the scheme is robust to the variation of commuters’ value of time. Although it is impractical to implement the ideal-scheme with an infinite number of steps, the efficiency loss of a permit scheme with finite steps can be bounded in both cases of homogeneous and heterogeneous commuters. Moreover, considering the permit scheme may lead to an undesirable benefit distribution among commuters, we propose an equal cost-reduction distribution of parking permits where auto commuters with higher value of time will receive fewer permits.     

A review of the impact of parking policy measures on travel demand

This paper reviews the empirical evidence relating to the impact of parking policy measures on the demand for parking and for travel. Disaggregate modal choice models, disaggregate parking location models and site‐specific studies of parking behaviour are examined. With regard to modal choice models, it is concluded that few studies deal adequately with parking factors, but that there is some support for the view that parking policy measures are a relatively important influence on modal choice. When parking location models are examined parking policy variables are shown to have a substantial impact on choice of parking location. With regard to site‐specific studies, the paper concludes that there is a great variation in the parking price elasticities quoted, which reflects partly the methodological problems associated with such studies. Suggestions to improve model specification are made.     

潜水器水动力系数计算方法研究

为了保证潜水器具有良好的操纵性能,构建操纵运动方程的水动力系数必须具有相当的准确性.文中以某长航程潜水器为研究对象求解其水动力系数,分别采用了近似公式估算、基于势流理论的面元法和提出的应用FLUENT模拟循环水槽试验3种方法.通过计算结果与模型循环水槽操纵性能试验结果的对比分析,总结了上述三种计算方法的适用范围和效果评价.     

舰船规避低速目标机动计算模型研究

论述了舰船规避低速目标机动和解算方法,分析了现有计算模型的不完善,提出了模型的改进和计算机计算求解的编程实现方法.     

Freeway traffic oscillations: Microscopic analysis of formations and propagations using Wavelet Transform

In this paper we identify the origins of stop-and-go (or slow-and-go) driving and measure microscopic features of their propagations by analyzing vehicle trajectories via Wavelet Transform. Based on 53 oscillation cases analyzed, we find that oscillations can be originated by either lane-changing maneuvers (LCMs) or car-following (CF) behavior. LCMs were predominantly responsible for oscillation formations in the absence of considerable horizontal or vertical curves, whereas oscillations formed spontaneously near roadside work on an uphill segment. Regardless of the trigger, the features of oscillation propagations were similar in terms of propagation speed, oscillation duration, and amplitude. All observed cases initially exhibited a precursor phase, in which slow-and-go motions were localized. Some of them eventually transitioned into a well-developed phase, in which oscillations propagated upstream in queue. LCMs were primarily responsible for the transition, although some transitions occurred without LCMs. Our findings also suggest that an oscillation has a regressive effect on car-following behavior: a deceleration wave of an oscillation affects a timid driver (characterized by larger response time and/or minimum spacing) to become less timid and an aggressive driver less aggressive, although this change may be short-lived. An extended framework of Newell’s CF model is able to describe the regressive effect with two additional parameters with reasonable accuracy, as verified using vehicle trajectory data.     

基于UML的机动目标跟踪体系结构框架

针对机动目标跟踪系统开发中存在的体系结构复杂、算法通用性弱的问题,分析了利用面向对象的方法建立其体系结构框架的意义,介绍了基于UML的体系结构框架的设计方法,设计了机动目标跟踪系统的体系结构框架。由用例视图描述需求,逻辑视图描述逻辑结构。通过分层和包的分解,将系统从逻辑上划分成松散耦合的多个组成部分。采用时序图和状态图从动态的角度对框架进行了描述。基于该框架实现的应用系统具有良好的扩充性和重用性,有效地降低了应用系统的研发成本。并且为今后此类框架的研制开发提供思路,具有一定借鉴和指导意义。     

关于城市机动车发展水平的规划模型探讨

随着机动化水平的迅速提高,我国城市交通供给与交通需求的矛盾不断加剧,城市土地、环境等资源匮乏,城市交通畅通面临着越来越严峻的考验。论文将机动车发展对城市造成的直接影响归结为道路、停车、大气三大突出方面,提出了通过容量限制理智发展机动车的思路;进一步对城市路网容量、停车容量、环境容量进行了比较深入的研究,提出了城市机动车合理保有量的多容量限制双层规划模型,建立了交通流动态分布与交通系统容量的互动联系,为机动化水平与城市可持续发展之间的协调发展奠定了一定的理论基础,也为现代化城市的交通管理部门提供了一定的决策依据。     

轻型汽车自动增力鼓式驻车制动系统常见故障与排除

自动增力鼓式制动器因其结构简单、制动性能优良、维修方便,被广泛应用于轻型汽车的中央驻车制动系统。该制动系统常见的3种故障为制动不良、制动拖滞及制动手柄不易定位。结合实例介绍了该系统的故障现象、原因分析及故障排除。     

对特长公路隧道火灾防灾救援安全策略的思考

分析了隧道火灾特点和原因,结合秦岭终南山特长公路隧道火灾试验提出隧道防火的基本原则。通过对隧道火灾防灾的各个子系统的分析,本文提出的对特长公路隧道火灾防灾救援安全策略的相关观点,对我国隧道防火设计和火灾救援有一定的指导意义。