The impacts of changing flight demands and throughput performance on airport delays through the Great Recession

Several significant events between 2007 and 2009 impacted flight demands and the abilities of the three major New York area airports to handle demand. This paper assesses the results of applying a probabilistic simulation method – which isolates the individual contributions of changes in flight demand and changes in airport throughput performance to changes in flight delays – to diagnose how these different events may have caused operational changes at these airports, and in turn, how the results may be used to inform policies for appropriate countermeasures. The analysis revealed two key observations. Firstly, certain patterns in throughput performance shifts caused the most significant delays, and were more likely to have been caused by controller staffing issues rather than caps. Secondly, relatively constant average delays from one year to the next may result from significant demand drops accompanied by large throughput performance degradations at an airport. This suggests that not only operational limitations on capacity encourage airlines to reduce schedules, but that changed demands can also impact throughput performance. Overall, the analysis indicates that caps may not have provided their fully intended delay benefits. Although they successfully reduced overall flight demands at LGA and JFK, they also directly limited throughput performance at critical times, in turn limiting delay benefits. In addition, demands at the busiest times of the day appear to be relatively inelastic to these operational limitations, insofar as demand profiles at EWR and JFK remained “peaky” in 2008 and 2009. Also, the recession was largely responsible for reducing demands at the airports in 2009, but the delay benefits of this were dampened by a corresponding throughput performance degradation. Based on the above observations, a more direct demand management policy combined with policies that focus on maintaining high staffing capabilities at critical times of the day may be considered, to reduce the likelihood of major queue formation on days that do experience sustained demands. The results also suggest that a more flexible caps system, particularly during times of heavy queues, could be explored. Although airport practitioners have keen understandings of how their airports operate, without the support of quantitative analysis tools, it can be more difficult to argue the need for appropriate countermeasures. An analysis such as the one presented here can provide the detailed quantitative substantiation required to build cases for these targeted policy directives and infrastructure investments.     

Experimental investigation of evaporation rate and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with cotton seed methyl ester and its blend with petro-diesel

An experimental study to measure the evaporation rates, engine performance and emission characteristics of cotton seed biodiesel (cotton seed oil methyl ester) and its blends in different volumetric proportions with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. Evaporation rates of neat cotton seed biodiesel, neat diesel and their bends have been measured under slow convective environment of air flowing with a constant temperature. Evaporation constants have been determined by using the droplet regression rate data. The neat fuels and fuel blends have been utilized in a test engine with different load conditions to evaluate the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the fuels. The specific fuel consumption values of the two blends, viz. B25 and B75 are found to be same. At the highest load, B0 records the lowest CO volume followed by B100. From the observed evaporation, performance and emissions characteristics, it is suggested that a blend of B50 and B75 can be optimally used in standard diesel engine settings.     

滚流对火花点火式发动机性能的影响

火花点火发动机气缸内空气运动的滚流与涡流一样，都可以增加燃烧室中的湍流强度，提高火焰传播速度和燃烧速率，从而改善燃烧过程，提高发动机的动力性能。本文详细介绍了滚流形成机理和影响滚流的气道参数。对2气门TJ376Q发动机的试验结果表明：新进气道的设计提高了缸内空气运动的滚流强度和流量系数，通过进气系统的优化，可以增加发动机最大转矩和最大功率输出，试验在电控燃油喷射下精确控制燃油，降低了最低燃油消耗率。     

D6114柴油/CNG双燃料发动机的试验研究

D6114柴油/CNG双燃料增压中冷发动机当以双燃料方式工作时,发动机起动和怠速只燃用柴油;当转速超过某设定值,电控系统发出指令限制柴油的喷油量,天然气经混合器进入气缸参与燃烧,此时少量柴油供给主要起引燃作用,发动机负荷变化则通过改变天然气供给量的大小来实现。分析了进气温度、替代率、供油提前角对性能和排放的影响,指出按NMHC排放衡量,该双燃料发动机完全可以达到ECER49欧I标准。     

G32系列柴油机研制

G32系列柴油机是广州柴油机厂新开发的船用中速大功率柴油机,新产品的研制工作采用产学研联合,由广州柴油机厂和七一一研究所以厂所合作的方式进行。G32柴油机的平均有效压力Pe=2.30MPa,倒挂主轴承结构,三段式船用大端连杆,厚壁气缸套。高效率脉冲增压系统,等压燃烧,排放机内控制,安全监测系统对主轴承温度等重要参数进行实时监控。     

海事行政执法过程中反商业贿赂策略

商业贿赂是一种普遍的社会现象,是商品经济发展的负面影响。商业贿赂出现以来,各国都采取措施加以禁止,世界各地的相关立法就足以见证各国对商业贿赂的重视。笔者试从商业贿赂的表现及成因入手,剖析反商业贿赂的政策依据及防范策略。     

彩色沥青路用性能评价

自行制备了8种彩色沥青，选取几种有代表性沥青评价试验方法针入度、软化点、动态剪切、简支梁弯曲蠕变试验，对其进行试验评价。在RGB颜色体系中，对数码相机采集的彩色沥青原样、RTFOT、PAV试样的表面颜色进行比较。     

车用冷却风扇安装位置对其性能影响的分析研究

根据某重型车用环形风扇的实际风筒试验过程建立了该风扇风筒仿真模型,并将计算结果与试验数据进行了比较,验证了模型的可靠性.利用该模型对不同风扇的轴向伸入距离、径向间隙进行仿真分析.结果表明,轴向伸入距离和径向间隙对风扇性能的影响十分显著:该风扇轴向伸入距离为75 mm、径向间隙为25 mm是较合理的安装距离:不同的轴向伸入距离对径向间隙的要求是不同的.     

船舶低硫燃油系统的应用分析

介绍低硫燃油的特性及其关键技术,分析低硫燃油市场供应情况,结合工程应用实际,提出了4种应用方案,经过对比分析,提出了一种面向工程实际的推荐方案。     

Application of interval Multi-attribute Decision-Making Method to Aeroengine Performance Ranking

Introduction The performance deterioration of aeroengine isone of the key factors which may induce aircraft cata-strophic events. With the expansion of airline fleets,the number of aeroengines increase dramatically.Because performance parameters can refle…