Characterizing the fragmentation level of Italian’s National Parks due to transportation infrastructures

In the last decades, due to the population increase and the relative need of new land to cultivate, expand urban centers and develop transportation networks, most of the Italian natural protected areas are subject to different typologies of human pressures that generally cause habitat fragmentation. This process represents a major concern for biodiversity conservation and a key driver of species loss.The main purpose of this paper was to investigate levels of natural habitat fragmentation due to roads and railways networks in the Italian National Parks (INP_S) through the use of an Infrastructural Fragmentation Index (IFI).All the operations (geospatial analysis, image classification, and fragmentation analysis) were performed using a Geographic Information System (GIS) software for elaborating a national database. The obtained results include an IFI value for each natural territorial unit inside any INP. Moreover, in order to highlight which are the INP_S characterized by higher infrastructural fragmentations, an IFI weighted mean was calculated for each INP. These results represent important indicators for the prioritization of biodiversity conservation interventions and the planning of a INP_S sustainable management.     

无碴轨道与信号轨道电路要互相适应

经初步试验和分析,认为无碴轨道与信号轨道电路互相适应是一系统工程,钢轨阻抗参数改变和道碴电阻依天气变化而剧烈变化是轨道电路传输长度减少的原因,从各专业角度提出了一些对策与建议。     

Importance of ocean circulation in ecological modeling: An example from the North Sea

There is an increasing number of ecological models for the North Sea around. Skogen and Moll (2000) [Skogen, M.D., Moll, A. 2000. Interannual variability of the North Sea primary production: comparison from two model studies. Continental Shelf Research 20 (2), 129–151] compared the interannual variability of the North Sea primary production using two state-of-the-art ecological models, NORWECOM and ECOHAM1. Their conclusion was that the two models agreed on an annual mean primary production, its variability and the timing and size of the peak production. On the other hand, there was a low (even negative dependent of area) correlation in the production in different years between the two models.In the present work, these conclusions are brought further. To try to better understand the observed differences between the two models, the two ecological models are run in an identical physical setting. With such a set-up also the interannual variability between the two models is in agreement, and it is concluded that the single most important factor for a reliable modeling of phytoplankton and nutrient distributions and transports within the North Sea is a proper physical model.     

Hydrography and biogeochemistry of the north western Bay of Bengal and the north eastern Arabian Sea during winter monsoon

The north eastern Arabian Sea and the north western Bay of Bengal within the Indian exclusive economic zone were explored for their environmental characteristics during the winter monsoons of 2000 and 2001 respectively. The two regions were found to respond paradoxically to comparable intensities of the atmospheric forcing. There is an asymmetry in the net heat exchange of these two basins with atmosphere because of the varying thickness of barrier layer. During winter, the convective mixing in the Arabian Sea is driven by net heat loss from the ocean, whereas the Bay of Bengal does not contribute to such large heat loss to the atmosphere. It appears that the subduction of high saline Arabian Sea water mass is the mechanism behind the formation of a barrier layer in the northeast Arabian Sea; whereas that in the Bay of Bengal and the southeast Arabian Sea are already established as due to low saline water mass. The weak barrier layer in the Arabian Sea yields to the predominance of convective mixing to bring in nitrate-rich waters from the deeper layers to the surface, thereby supporting enhanced biological production. On the other hand, the river discharge into the Bay of Bengal during this period results in the formation of a thick and stable barrier layer, which insulates vertical mixing and provide oligotrophic condition in the Bay.     

飞鱼泽隧道洞口出洞技术方案

文章结合飞鱼泽隧道工程实例，介绍了松散破碎山体、洞口偏压地段公路隧道出洞的技术方案、施工方法、步骤及其注意事项，以供在类似的隧道工程施工中借鉴应用。     

马蹄形隧道初期支护内力反演分析的理论研究

隧道开挖过程中,混凝土支护结构的内力分布表现出特有的动态变化特征,对施工环境下隧道支护结构的内力分布特征进行研究并对其薄弱部位进行预判是保障隧道施工安全的重要手段之一。文章将隧道弧段和边墙段初期支护分别视为弹性地基曲梁和直梁,基于初参数法和围岩压力量测,从理论上推导了马蹄形断面隧道初期支护内力计算的反演表达式;结合某隧道围岩压力的实测数据,反演了初期支护的内力分布。初期支护内力实测数据和反演分析结果对比分析表明,所提出的马蹄形隧道初期支护内力的理论反分析方法切实可行,可为隧道初期支护设计和施工工艺的优化提供理论依据。     

Transportation planning and quiet natural areas preservation: Aircraft overflights noise assessment in a National Park

Global transportation growth causes several disproportionate impacts on the environment as, for instance, noise pollution which is related to negative effects on human health but also to quiet natural areas decline and biodiversity loss. Besides, sound is a component of ecosystems severely threatened by transportation noise disturbance which is related to negative effects on ecosystem functions. This study deals with aircraft noise impact on natural environments from a multiple innovative perspective. It complementarily combines: noise modeling, field measurements, soundscape audibility, human perception and spatial pattern tools for assessing the chronic growing outdoor noise pollution of ecosystems at landscape scale. Firstly, noticeable soundscape degradation from aircraft overflights has been found causing severe acoustic fragmentation and disruptions in the quietness of a national park in Spain (European Union). Air traffic caused sound pressure levels to increase by approximately 8 decibels from natural ambient levels. Secondly, spatial pattern tools together with noise mapping have been found to be useful in providing decision support for decisions-making through anthropogenic noise impact assessment on the natural environment. Finally, public opinion did not perceive aircraft noise-disruption as being as relevant as that quantified by technical procedures. Although 82% of visitors agree that anthropogenic noise pollution may negatively impact on conservation.     

列车分级控制方式对地铁列车最小间隔之影响分析

本文将结合北京地铁2号线的设计，重点分析采用一次模式制动曲线控制方式和速度分级控制方式对列车最小间隔时分的影响。     

A “horizontal Sverdrup mechanism” may control the spring bloom around small oceanic islands and over banks

One of the most basic paradigms in marine ecology is the “Sverdrup mechanism,” where the spring bloom is retarded if the surface mixed layer is too deep, due to the algae being mixed vertically out of the euphotic layer. A similar mechanism may operate in vertically homogeneous water over a small shallow area, surrounded by deep waters, if the horizontal exchange is sufficiently intense. In systems with inter-annual variations in the horizontal exchange rate, this may induce inter-annual variations in the timing and intensity of the spring bloom. A numerical primary production model with circular symmetry and prescribed horizontal exchange rate is developed. Using the Faroe Shelf as an example, the model and observations show that the timing and intensity of the spring bloom in the shallow parts of the system may be critically dependent upon the rate of the horizontal exchange. Numerical experiments confirm that the effect of horizontal exchange on the spring bloom is less pronounced for banks than for shelf systems around islands of similar scales, and that the effect increases in importance as the horizontal scale is reduced.