Stability enhancement and fuel economy of the 4-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicles by optimal tyre force distribution

In this paper, vehicle stability control and fuel economy for a 4-wheel-drive hybrid vehicle are investigated. The integrated controller is designed within three layers. The first layer determines the total yaw moment and total lateral force made by using an optimal controller method to follow the desired dynamic behaviour of a vehicle. The second layer determines optimum tyre force distribution in order to optimise tyre usage and find out how the tyres should share longitudinal and lateral forces to achieve a target vehicle response under the assumption that all four wheels can be independently steered, driven, and braked. In the third layer, the active steering, wheel slip, and electrical motor torque controllers are designed. In the front axle, internal combustion engine (ICE) is coupled to an electric motor (EM). The control strategy has to determine the power distribution between ICE and EM to minimise fuel consumption and allowing the vehicle to be charge sustaining. Finally, simulations performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment show that the proposed structure could enhance the vehicle stability and fuel economy in different manoeuvres.     

基于非稳态温度场解析解的沥青混凝土路面温度分布研究

研究以实测气象资料来预估沥青混凝土路面结构层内温度场的分布状况为目的.通过分析太阳辐射、大气温度两种主要影响参数,运用传热学理论建立沥青混凝土路面二维非稳态温度场解析方程.并在云南大理地区埋设温度传感器进行实时数据采集,对计算模型和实测数据相关关系进行了对比分析.最终在云南省不同温度分区基础上,计算得到不同路表温度的结构内部温度分布曲线.研究结果表明:建立的以太阳辐射和大气温度日变化规律为基础的温度场解析方程模型计算结果与实测结果相比,误差最大3℃左右;温度分布曲线反映出在不同路表温度时,结构内部一定深度内温度分布的规律性和温度梯度的改变趋势,能有效地帮助材料设计,计算结果证明了该模型的合理性和有效性.     

喷孔布置对缸内油气混合与燃烧过程的影响

基于YD4A75—C3电控共轨柴油机,结合Bosch公司提出的第四代共轴向可变喷嘴共轨喷射系统的概念,应用商用CFD软件Fire研究喷孔交错布置及两层布置对缸内燃油分布及燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明:适当地采用双层、交错排列的喷孔,可以扩大燃油的空间分布范围,改善燃油与空气的混合质量,使缸内燃烧更加充分;NO排放量增多,但炭烟的排放量显著减少。     

进油温度对生物柴油燃烧压力及循环变动的影响

在1台两缸直喷式柴油机上对比测试了生物柴油的燃烧特性,分析了进油温度对发动机峰值燃烧压力分布以及循环变动率的影响。结果表明,随着进油温度的增加,生物柴油发动机表现出如下燃烧特性:燃烧延迟,高负荷时延迟更明显;峰值燃烧压力降低,其循环分布向低值偏移;峰值燃烧压力分布最高值增加且其循环变化幅度明显降低,循环变动率降低,循环变动减弱;负荷或转速增加均导致循环变化幅度明显降低,循环变动减弱。研究结果证明,进油温度对燃用生物柴油的燃烧压力及其循环变动有重要影响,进油温度增加可以提高燃烧稳定程度,从而改善燃烧过程。     

缸内直喷汽油机多孔喷油器喷雾特性试验研究

为了研究缸内直喷汽油机多孔喷油器的喷雾特性,建立了定容喷雾试验装置,对不同环境压力和不同喷油压力条件下的自由喷雾和碰壁喷雾过程进行了拍摄,分析了壁面距离和壁面倾角对喷雾特性的影响。研究发现:多孔喷油器与传统的旋流式喷油器的喷雾特性存在较大差异。多孔喷油器的喷雾锥角受环境压力影响较小;随着环境背压的增大,贯穿距离和喷雾锥角呈现先增大后减小的特点;喷雾锥角随着喷射压力的提高略有增加。在碰壁喷雾发展过程中,不同环境压力下喷雾油束与壁面接触面积接近;随着壁面距离的增加,碰壁喷雾高度递减,碰壁后的喷雾高度存在波动;随着壁面倾角的增大,碰壁喷雾高度和增大。在壁面倾角的增大过程中,影响碰壁喷雾半径的因素较多,呈现出较复杂的变化规律。以上研究为多孔喷油器的设计及其与燃烧室的匹配提供了理论依据。     

缸内直喷汽油机喷油及燃烧过程三维数值模拟

对某直喷汽油机部分负荷时的进气、喷油、混合气形成及燃烧过程进行了数值模拟。分析了喷油正时对混合气分布、燃烧性能及排放性能的影响。模拟结果显示,在喷油开始时刻为480°曲轴转角时混合气分布比较理想,达到了分层稀燃的目标。生成物NO的主要来源是参与燃烧的空气中的氮,NO的生成随温度的提高而急剧增加;炭烟生成的条件是高温和缺氧,局部较浓混合气相对缺氧导致炭烟生成。     

采用改进真空预压技术加固软土地基的试验研究

通过改进后的真空预压技术与传统"砂垫层+塑料排水板"工艺的对比试验,研究在软基处理工程中采用"无砂直连"和变孔径滤膜排水板技术的加固效果,并在试验成果的基础上分析改进技术的特点和工作机理。采用"无砂直连"技术可减少真空度损失,选择合适孔径的滤膜排水板可减少滤膜的淤堵,这些技术改进均有利于软土地基的排水固结。     

他山之石 可以攻玉——交通运输部疏浚与吹填工程规范编写组欧洲考察纪略

根据对国际最大挖泥船制造企业IHC Merwede公司、国际四大疏浚公司Van Oord Dredging and Marine Constractors bv、Boskalis International bv、Jan de Nul Group和DEME(Dredging,Environmental&Marine Engineering)的考察交流以及对在建工程的施工现场考察情况,从规范编制、疏浚船舶制造、疏浚工程勘察设计与施工和我国疏浚业发展等方面提出看法和建议,可为业界借鉴参考.     

吹填造陆工程对周围水体交换影响的数值模拟研究

在港口工程建设中,合理地综合利用疏浚土资源吹填造陆,可以产生巨大的经济效益。但吹填陆域形成后将会影响该区域海洋水体的对流-扩散,改变局部的海洋水动力,从而对该区域的海洋环境产生不利影响。为了更好地保护海洋环境,需要充分了解陆域形成前后水体交换的变化情况。根据国际常用规范标准,通过数值模拟分析,研究水体交换的变化规律。通过计算过水断面宽度,设置过水箱涵,优化设计方案,加快水体交换,达到保护海洋水环境的目的。     

Impact of phytoplankton community size on a linked global ocean optical and ecosystem model

We isolated the effect phytoplankton cell size has on varying remote sensing reflectance spectra (R_rs(λ)) in the presence of optically active constituents by using optical and radiative transfer models linked in an offline diagnostic calculation to a global biogeochemical/ecosystem/circulation model with explicit phytoplankton size classes. Two case studies were carried out, each with several scenarios to isolate the effects of chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton cell size, and size-varying phytoplankton absorption on R_rs(λ). The goal of the study was to determine the relative contribution of phytoplankton cell size and chlorophyll to overall R_rs(λ) and to understand where a standard band ratio algorithm (OC4) may under/overestimate chlorophyll due to R_rs(λ) being significantly affected by phytoplankton size. Phytoplankton cell size was found to contribute secondarily to R_rs(λ) variability and to amplify or dampen the seasonal cycle in R_rs(λ), driven by chlorophyll. Size and chlorophyll were found to change in phase at low to mid-latitudes, but were anti-correlated or poorly correlated at high latitudes. Phytoplankton size effects increased model calculated R_rs(443) in the subtropical ocean during local spring through early fall months in both hemispheres and decreased R_rs(443) in the Northern Hemisphere high latitude regions during local summer to fall months. This study attempts to tease apart when/where variability about the OC4 relationship may be associated with cell size variability. The OC4 algorithm may underestimate [Chl] when the fraction of microplankton is elevated, which occurs in the model simulations during local spring/summer months at high latitudes in both hemispheres.