双片预制圆孔板剪力墙抗震性能试验

针对预制混凝土圆孔板承重体系,进行了4个设置现浇边缘构件的双片预制圆孔板剪力墙试件的拟静力试验。结果显示：试件墙体与基础梁之间出现贯通的水平裂缝,边缘构件几乎沿全高出现水平裂缝,预制墙布满了斜裂缝;预制墙与现浇边缘构件交界面、预制墙与竖向连接缝交界面开裂。试件的破坏形态为弯剪破坏。名义屈服前,墙底截面竖向钢筋应变分布基本符合平截面假定。位移延性系数大于5,极限位移角大于1/100。试件可等效为实墙,按现行规范计算其承载力。根据试验结果,提出了改进预制墙与现浇混凝土之间连接竖缝的建议。     

基于因子分析与AHP的高速列车乘坐舒适度评价模型与实证分析

针对目前舒适度研究偏重于列车运行物理指标层面的现状,结合人机工程学、环境与行为心理学等相关理论,提出了综合满足旅客乘坐需求、生理感受与心理感受的高速列车广义舒适度的概念。在对北京至四方的铁路线运行的CRH2型动车组745位旅客进行问卷调查的基础上,通过因子分析对指标进行降维,利用AHP构建乘坐舒适度评价模型,得出舒适度影响因素的权重,并提出改进建议:1.细化列车振动、噪声与照明舒适度评价指标;2.优化座椅休息、就餐、娱乐等功能设计;3.进一步调控车厢温度、湿度与空气质量。该模型的建立为我国高速列车乘坐舒适度研究提供了理论依据。     

缓和竖曲线的反演设计研究

应用已有的车辆简化模型,借助反演设计理论,研究了缓和竖曲线的反演设计方法;探讨了依据车辆—路面耦合动力学模型的安全性和舒适性动力学评价指标,给出了缓和竖曲线反演设计的一般流程。该方法为开发宜人化路面CAD系统提供了理论依据。     

公路交通经济增长中的制度因素分析

在总结传统的经济增长理论(资本决定论、技术进步论、人力资本论、专业化的人力资本和特殊知识积累论)的基础上,采用新制度经济学的分析方法,对建国以来中国公路交通的制度变迁和经济绩效及其相互关系进行了实证分析,指出了制度在公路交通发展中的极端重要性;提出了"生产要素的制度性边界"这一概念,指出制度边界具有随经济、技术等因素变化而不断变化的特性,在此基础上建立了新的经济增长分析框架和模型;为打破制度的"低度均衡",扩展生产要素的制度边界,最后提出了关于加快制度创新的建议。     

Urban walkability considering pedestrians’ perceptions of the built environment: a 10-year review and a case study in a medium-sized city in Latin America

ABSTRACT

Numerous methodologies measuring walkability have been developed over the last years. This paper reviews the Walkability Index (WI) literature of the last decade (2009–2018) and highlights some limitations in the current approaches. Only a few studies have evaluated walkability in Latin America, mainly in big cities but not in medium and small-sized cities in the region, which present their own urbanisation dynamics, security issues, sidewalk invasion problems, and poor planning. Furthermore, most WIs in the literature use objective mesoscale variables to assess walkability in a given area. This paper contributes to filling these gaps by generating new evidence from a medium-sized city in Latin America to question if characteristics of the built environment encourage walking trips, as found in the literature, are transferable among regions. The study also proposes a novel index comprised of microscale and mesoscale built environment variables to assess walkability using virtual tools and considering users’ perceptions. The WI estimation relies on ranking probability models. The results of the case study suggest that subjective Security and Traffic Safety are the most crucial factors influencing walkability in these kind of cities, which is different from what is found in the literature from cities in developed countries where Sidewalk Condition and Attractiveness are the most important factors. Security appeared to be strongly associated with a subjective dimension, represented by the fear of crime or perceived risk for crime, instead of the actual occurrence of crimes. This result evidences the importance of the physical attributes of the real world and how they are captured, judged, and processed by pedestrians. Then, regional transferability of WIs needs to be done carefully. Finally, results in this paper highlight the importance of microscale built environment characteristics in the WI formulation in these cities. Results are in line with other research in some cities of the region, which found that microscale variables such as pavement quality and presence of obstacles on the sidewalks are relevant components to promote walkability.     

Green walking networks for climate change adaptation

Climate change (CC) potentially affects people travel behaviour, due to extreme weather conditions. This is particularly true for pedestrians, that are more exposed to weather conditions. Introducing the effect of this change in transport modelling allows to analyse and plan walking networks taking into consideration the climatic variable. The aim of this work is to develop a tool that can support planning and design of walking networks, by assessing the effects of actions oriented to increase resilience with respect to extreme weather conditions (CC adaptation).An integrated approach is used, thus combining transport and land-use planning concepts with elements of outdoor thermal comfort and network accessibility. Walking networks are analysed through centrality indexes, including thermal comfort aspects into a general cost function of links and weighted nodes. The method has been applied to the walking network inside the Campus of the University of Catania (Italy), which includes different functions and where pedestrian paths are barely used by people. Results confirm that this tool is sensitive to the variables representing weather conditions and it can measure the influence of CC adaptation measures (e.g. vegetation) on walking attitude and on the performance of the walking network.     

Traffic modelling in system boundary expansion of road pavement life cycle assessment

This paper uses a case study of a UK inter-urban road, to explore the impact of extending the system boundary of road pavement life cycle assessment (LCA) to include increased traffic emissions due to delays during maintenance. Some previous studies have attempted this but have been limited to hypothetical scenarios or simplified traffic modelling, with no validation or sensitivity analysis. In this study, micro-simulation modelling of traffic was used to estimate emissions caused by delays at road works, for several traffic management options. The emissions were compared to those created by the maintenance operation, estimated using an LCA model. In this case study, the extra traffic emissions caused by delays at road works are relatively small, compared to those from the maintenance process, except for hydrocarbon emissions. However, they are generally close to, or above, the materiality threshold recommended in PAS2050 for estimating carbon footprints, and reach 5–10% when traffic flow levels are increased (hypothetically) or when traffic management is imposed outside times of lowest traffic flow. It is recommended, therefore, that emissions due to traffic disruption at road works should be included within the system boundary of road pavement LCA and carbon footprint studies and should be considered in developing guidelines for environmental product declarations of road pavement maintenance products and services.     

悬挂式单轨平面圆曲线乘客舒适度控制标准取值研究

乘客舒适度标准是确定线路平纵断面设计参数最为重要的控制指标,也是必须满足的强制性指标。为合理平衡乘客舒适度与工程建设成本之间的跷跷板关系,通过系统总结国内外各种现有制式取值标准,就悬挂式单轨乘客舒适度控制标准取值开展理论分析研究,并提出相应建议。与平面圆曲线半径相关的乘客舒适度指标为车体偏转角及未被平衡离心加速度,随着偏转角和未被平衡离心加速度数值的增加,其对最小圆曲线半径的影响逐渐减弱,恶化舒适度条件并不完全等同于工程效益的减小。悬挂式单轨最大偏转角理论上可突破传统轮轨铁路7.7°的限制,但增大偏转角对限界造成的影响不可忽略。人体可忍受的振动持续作用时间与未被平衡离心加速度大小成反比,将加速度控制在0.4～0.8 m/s~2是合理的。     

中越界河海事执法行为的风险规避

文中通过介绍中越边境河流——北仑河海事现场执法风险，分析执法风险存在的原因、表现形式，结合实际工作体会，探讨界河基层海事执法的风险防范     

Magneto-rheological suspensions for improving ground vehicle’s ride comfort,stability, and handling

ABSTRACT

A state-of-the-art discussion on the applications of magneto-rheological (MR) suspensions for improving ride comfort, handling, and stability in ground vehicles is discussed for both road and rail applications. A historical perspective on the discovery and engineering development of MR fluids is presented, followed by some of the common methods for modelling their non-Newtonian behaviour. The common modes of the MR fluids are discussed, along with the application of the fluid in valve mode for ground vehicles’ dampers (or shock absorbers). The applications span across nearly all road vehicles, including automobiles, trains, semi-trucks, motorcycles, and even bicycles. For each type of vehicle, the results of some of the past studies is presented briefly, with reference to the originating study. It is discussed that Past experimental and modelling studies have indicated that MR suspensions provide clear advantages for ground vehicles that far surpasses the performance of passive suspension. For rail vehicles, the primary advantage is in terms of increasing the speed at which the onset of hunting occurs, whereas for road vehicles – mainly automobiles – the performance improvements are in terms of a better balance between vehicle ride, handling, and stability. To further elaborate on this point, a single-suspension model is used to develop an index-based approach for studying the compromise that is offered by vehicle suspensions, using the H₂ optimisation approach. Evaluating three indices based on the sprung-mass acceleration, suspension rattlespace, and tyre deflection, it is clearly demonstrated that MR suspensions significantly improve road vehicle’s ride comfort, stability, and handling in comparison with passive suspensions. For rail vehicles, the simulation results indicate that using MR suspensions with an on-off switching control can increase the speed at which the on-set of hunting occurs by as much as 50% to more than 300%.